INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES
1 Introduction 1 11 Electromagnetic Radiation 2 12 Infrared Absorptions 5 13 Normal Modes of Vibration 6 14 Complicating Factors 11 141 Overtone and Combination Bands 11 142 Fermi Resonance 12 143 Coupling 12 144 Vibration–Rotation Bands 12 References 13 2 Experimental Methods 15 21 Introduction 15 22 Dispersive Infrared Spectrometers 16 23 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometers 18 231 Michelson Interferometers 18 232 Sources and Detectors 19 233 Fourier-Transformation 20 234 Moving Mirrors 21 235 Signal-Averaging 22 236 Advantages 23 237 Computers 23 238 Spectra 24 24 Transmission Methods 25 241 Liquids and Solutions 25 242 Solids 28 243 Gases 31 244 Pathlength Calibration 32 25 Reflectance Methods 33 251 Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy 33 252 Specular Reflectance Spectroscopy 35 253 Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy 36 254 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 37 26 Microsampling Methods 38 27 Chromatography–Infrared Spectroscopy 41 28 Thermal Analysis–Infrared Spectroscopy 42 29 Other Techniques 43 References 44 3 Spectral Analysis 45 31 Introduction 45 32 Group Frequencies 46 321 Mid-Infrared Region 46 322 Near-Infrared Region 47 323 Far-Infrared Region 48 33 Identification 48 34 Hydrogen Bonding 49 35 Spectrum Manipulation 51 351 Baseline Correction 51 352 Smoothing 51 353 Difference Spectra 52 354 Derivatives 53 355 Deconvolution 54 356 Curve-Fitting 56 36 Concentration 57 37 Simple Quantitative Analysis 59 371 Analysis of Liquid Samples 59 372 Analysis of Solid Samples 62 38 Multi-Component Analysis 63 39 Calibration Methods 67 References 70 4 Organic Molecules 71 41 Introduction 71 42 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 71 43 Aromatic Compounds 74 44 Oxygen-Containing Compounds 76 441 Alcohols and Phenols 76 442 Ethers 76 443 Aldehydes and Ketones 76 444 Esters 78 445 Carboxylic Acids and Anhydrides 79 45 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 80 451 Amines 80 452 Amides 80 46 Halogen-Containing Compounds 82 47 Heterocyclic Compounds 83 48 Boron Compounds 83 49 Silicon Compounds 83 410 Phosphorus Compounds 84 411 Sulfur Compounds 85 412 Near-Infrared Spectra 86 413 Identification 88 References 93 5 Inorganic Molecules 95 51 Introduction 95 52 General Considerations 96 53 Normal Modes of Vibration 98 54 Coordination Compounds 102 55 Isomerism 104 56 Metal Carbonyls 105 57 Organometallic Compounds 107 58 Minerals 107 References 110 6 Polymers 113 61 Introduction 113 62 Identification 114 63 Polymerization 123 64 Structure 124 65 Surfaces 130 66 Degradation 132 References 135 7 Biological Applications 137 71 Introduction 137 72 Lipids 138 73 Proteins and Peptides 141 74 Nucleic Acids 151 75 Disease Diagnosis 152 76 Microbial Cells 155 77 Plants 158 78 Clinical Chemistry 161 References 163 8 Industrial and Environmental Applications 167 81 Introduction 167 82 Pharmaceutical Applications 168 83 Food Science 174 84 Agricultural Applications 178 85 Pulp and Paper Industries 179 86 Paint Industry 180 87 Environmental Applications 183 References 185