INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVE COMPONENTS AND TECHNIQUES
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO MILLIMETER WAVE ANTENNAS 1 1 1 MILLIMETER WAVES 1 1 2 PROPAGATION OF MILLIMETER WAVES 1 1 3 MILLIMETER WAVE TECHNOLOGY 5 1 3 1 IMPORTANT FEATURES 5 1 3 2 MAJOR MODERN APPLICATIONS 5 1 3 2 1 NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 5 1 3 2 2 HIGH DEFINITION VIDEO AND VIRTUAL REALITY HEADSETS 7 1 3 2 3 AUTOMOTIVE COMMUNICATIONS AND RADARS 7 1 3 2 4 BODY SCANNERS AND IMAGING 7 1 4 UNIQUE CHALLENGES OF MILLIMETER WAVE ANTENNAS 8 1 5 BRIEFING OF STATE OF THE ART MILLIMETER WAVE ANTENNAS 9 1 6 IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS OF MILLIMETER WAVE ANTENNAS 11 1 6 1 FABRICATION PROCESSES AND MATERIALS OF THE ANTENNAS 11 1 6 2 COMMONLY USED TRANSMISSION LINE SYSTEMS FOR ANTENNAS 12 1 7 NOTE ON LOSSES IN MICROSTRIP LINES AND SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDES 14 1 8 UPDATE OF MILLIMETER WAVE TECHNOLOGY IN 5G NR AND BEYOND 17 1 9 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK 19 1 10 SUMMARY 21 REFERENCES 21 2 MEASUREMENT METHODS AND SETUPS OF ANTENNAS AT 60 325 GHZ BANDS 25 2 1 INTRODUCTION 25 2 1 1 FAR FIELD ANTENNA MEASUREMENT SETUP 26 2 1 1 1 FREE SPACE RANGE USING ANECHOIC CHAMBER 26 2 1 1 2 COMPACT RANGE 27 2 1 2 NEAR FIELD ANTENNA MEASUREMENT SETUP 28 2 2 STATE OF THE ART MMW MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 29 2 2 1 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MMW MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 29 2 2 2 CUSTOMIZED MMW MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 31 2 3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR MEASUREMENT SETUP CONFIGURATION 40 2 3 1 FAR FIELD VERSUS NEAR FIELD VERSUS COMPACT RANGE 40 2 3 1 1 FAR FIELD MEASUREMENT 40 2 3 1 2 NEAR FIELD MEASUREMENT 40 2 3 1 3 COMPACT ANTENNA TEST RANGE 41 2 3 2 RF SYSTEM 41 2 3 3 INTERFACE BETWEEN THE RF INSTRUMENT AND AUT 41 2 3 4 ON WAFER ANTENNA MEASUREMENT 43 2 3 4 1 FEEDING AND MOVEMENT LIMITATIONS 43 2 3 4 2 REFLECTION CAUSED BY PROBES METALLIC ENVIRONMENT 43 2 3 4 3 UNDESIRED COUPLING EFFECTS CAUSED BY MEASUREMENT PROBES 44 2 4 MMW MEASUREMENT SETUP EXAMPLES 45 2 4 1 60 GHZ ANTENNA MEASUREMENT SETUP 45 2 4 2 140 GHZ ANTENNA MEASUREMENT SETUP 45 2 4 3 270 GHZ ANTENNA MEASUREMENT SETUP 47 2 5 SUMMARY 51 REFERENCES 52 3 SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED MMW ANTENNAS ON LTCC 55 3 1 INTRODUCTION 55 3 1 1 UNIQUE DESIGN CHALLENGES AND PROMISING SOLUTIONS 55 3 1 2 SIW SLOT ANTENNAS AND ARRAYS ON LTCC 56 3 2 HIGH GAIN MMW SIW SLOT ANTENNA ARRAYS ON LTCC 59 3 2 1 SIW THREE DIMENSIONAL CORPORATE FEED 59 3 2 2 SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED CAVITY ANTENNA ARRAY AT 60 GHZ 62 3 2 3 SIMPLIFIED DESIGNS AND HIGH ORDER MODE ANTENNA ARRAY AT 140 GHZ 69 3 2 3 1 140 GHZ SLOT ANTENNA ARRAY WITH A LARGE VIA FENCE DIELECTRIC LOADING 70 3 2 3 2 140 GHZ SLOT ANTENNA ARRAY WITH A LARGE VIA FENCE AND LARGE SLOT DIELECTRIC LOADING 73 3 2 3 3 140 GHZ SLOT ANTENNA ARRAY OPERATING AT A HIGHER ORDER MODE TE20 MODE 75 3 2 4 FULLY SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED ANTENNAS AT 270 GHZ 82 3 2 4 1 ANALYSIS OF LTCC BASED SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED STRUCTURES 83 3 2 4 2 FRESNEL ZONE PLATE ANTENNA IN LTCC AT 270 GHZ 85 3 3 SUMMARY 88 REFERENCES 88 4 BROADBAND METAMATERIAL MUSHROOM ANTENNA ARRAY AT 60 GHZ BANDS 93 4 1 INTRODUCTION 93 4 2 BROADBAND LOW PROFILE CRLH MUSHROOM ANTENNA 96 4 2 1 WORKING PRINCIPLE 96 4 2 2 IMPEDANCE MATCHING 99 4 3 BROADBAND LTCC METAMATERIAL MUSHROOM ANTENNA ARRAY AT 60 GHZ 100 4 3 1 SIW FED CRLH MUSHROOM ANTENNA ELEMENT 100 4 3 2 SELF DECOUPLING FUNCTIONALITY 103 4 3 3 SELF DECOUPLED METAMATERIAL MUSHROOM SUBARRAY 106 4 3 4 METAMATERIAL MUSHROOM ANTENNA ARRAY 107 4 4 SUMMARY 110 REFERENCES 111 5 NARROW WALL FED SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED CAVITY ANTENNA AT 60 GHZ 115 5 1 INTRODUCTION 115 5 2 BROADBAND TECHNIQUES FOR SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED ANTENNAS 116 5 2 1 ENHANCEMENT OF THE IMPEDANCE MATCHING FOR SIW ANTENNAS 118 5 2 2 MULTI MODE SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED CAVITY ANTENNAS 121 5 2 3 SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED CAVITY BACKED SLOT ANTENNA 122 5 2 4 PATCH LOADED SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED CAVITY ANTENNA 130 5 2 5 TRAVELING WAVE ELEMENTS LOADED SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED CAVITY ANTENNA 136 5 3 SIW NARROW WALL FED SIC ANTENNAS AT KA AND V BANDS 140 5 3 1 SIW NARROW WALL FED SIC ANTENNA 141 5 3 2 SIW NARROW WALL FED SIC ANTENNA ARRAY AT 35 GHZ 145 5 3 3 60 GHZ SIW NARROW WALL FED SIC ANTENNA ARRAY 146 5 4 SUMMARY 151 REFERENCES 151 6 CAVITY BACKED SIW SLOT ANTENNAS AT 60 GHZ 155 6 1 INTRODUCTION 155 6 2 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE CAVITY BACKED ANTENNA 156 6 2 1 CONFIGURATION 156 6 2 2 ANALYSIS OF THE BACKING CAVITY 156 6 2 3 DESIGN OF THE BACKING CAVITY 157 6 3 CAVITY BACKED SIW SLOT ANTENNA 158 6 3 1 FEEDING TECHNIQUES 158 6 3 2 SIW BACKING CAVITY 160 6 3 3 RADIATING SLOT 162 6 4 TYPES OF SIW CBSAS 163 6 4 1 WIDEBAND CBSAS 163 6 4 2 DUAL BAND CBSAS 165 6 4 3 DUAL POLARIZED AND CIRCULARLY POLARIZED CBSAS 166 6 4 4 MINIATURIZED CBSAS 166 6 5 CBSA DESIGN EXAMPLES AT 60 GHZ 167 6 5 1 SIW CBSA WITH DIFFERENT SLOT WLR 167 6 5 2 ARRAY EXAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT WLRS OF SLOT 169 6 6 SUMMARY 172 REFERENCES 172 7 CIRCULARLY POLARIZED SIW SLOT LTCC ANTENNAS AT 60 GHZ 177 7 1 INTRODUCTION 177 7 2 KEY TECHNIQUES OF MMW CP ANTENNA ARRAY 177 7 2 1 ANTENNA ELEMENT SELECTION 177 7 2 2 AR BANDWIDTH ENHANCEMENT METHODS 182 7 3 WIDEBAND CP LTCC SIW ANTENNA ARRAY AT 60 GHZ 183 7 3 1 WIDEBAND AR ELEMENT 184 7 3 2 ISOLATION CONSIDERATION 186 7 3 3 EXPERIMENT RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 189 7 4 SUMMARY 193 REFERENCES 194 8 GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF LTCC MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA BY SUPPRESSING SURFACE WAVES 197 8 1 INTRODUCTION 197 8 1 1 SURFACE WAVES IN MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS 197 8 1 2 SURFACE WAVES EFFECTS ON MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA 199 8 2 STATE OF THE ART METHODS FOR SUPPRESSING SURFACE WAVES IN MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS 199 8 3 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS WITH PARTIAL SUBSTRATE REMOVAL 202 8 3 1 TECHNIQUE OF PARTIAL SUBSTRATE REMOVAL 202 8 3 2 60 GHZ LTCC ANTENNA WITH PARTIAL SUBSTRATE REMOVAL 205 8 4 SUMMARY 207 REFERENCES 208 9 SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED ANTENNAS FOR MILLIMETER WAVE AUTOMOTIVE RADARS 211 9 1 INTRODUCTION 211 9 1 1 AUTOMOTIVE RADAR CLASSIFICATION 211 9 1 2 FREQUENCY BANDS FOR AUTOMOTIVE RADARS 212 9 1 3 COMPARISON OF 24 GHZ AND 77 GHZ BANDS 213 9 1 4 ANTENNA SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE RADAR SENSORS 214 9 1 4 1 LENS ANTENNA AND REFLECTOR ANTENNA 214 9 1 4 2 PLANAR ANTENNAS 214 9 1 5 FABRICATION AND PACKAGING CONSIDERATIONS 216 9 2 STATE OF THE ART ANTENNAS FOR 24 GHZ AND 77 GHZ AUTOMOTIVE RADARS 217 9 2 1 SELECTED STATE OF THE ART ANTENNAS FOR 24 GHZ AUTOMOTIVE RADARS 217 9 2 1 1 SHORTED PARASITIC RHOMBIC PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY WITH LOWER CROSS POLARIZATION LEVELS 217 9 2 1 2 COMPACT TWO LAYER ROTMAN LENS FED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA ARRAY 218 9 2 1 3 SIW PARASITIC ANTENNA ARRAY WITHOUT FEEDING NETWORK 220 9 2 1 4 SIW PILLBOX ANTENNA INTEGRATING MONOPULSE AMPLITUDE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE 220 9 2 2 SELECTED STATE OF THE ART ANTENNAS FOR 77 GHZ AUTOMOTIVE RADARS 221 9 2 2 1 SIW SLOT ARRAY FOR BOTH MEDIUM AND LONG RANGE AUTOMOTIVE RADAR SENSOR 221 9 2 2 2 16 16 PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA RECEIVER PACKAGED USING BOND WIRE TECHNIQUE 222 9 2 2 3 ANTENNA MODULE IN PACKAGE 223 9 3 SINGLE LAYER SIW SLOT ANTENNA ARRAY FOR 24 GHZ AUTOMOTIVE RADARS 225 9 3 1 ANTENNA CONFIGURATION 225 9 3 2 SLOT ARRAY DESIGN 226 9 3 3 FEEDING NETWORK DESIGN 227 9 3 4 EXPERIMENT RESULTS 228 9 4 TRANSMIT ARRAY ANTENNA FOR 77 GHZ AUTOMOTIVE RADARS 231 9 4 1 UNIT CELL 232 9 4 2 FOUR BEAM TRANSMIT ARRAY 233 9 4 3 RESULTS 234 9 5 SUMMARY 236 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 236 REFERENCES 236 10 SIDELOBE REDUCTION OF SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED ANTENNA ARRAYS AT KA BAND 241 10 1 INTRODUCTION 241 10 2 FEEDING NETWORKS FOR SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED ANTENNA ARRAY 242 10 2 1 SERIES FEEDING NETWORK 242 10 2 2 PARALLEL CORPORATE FEEDING NETWORK 244 10 2 3 FLAT LENS REFLECTOR BASED QUASI OPTICS FEEDING NETWORK 245 10 2 4 POWER DIVIDERS 246 10 3 SIW ANTENNA ARRAYS WITH SIDELOBE REDUCTION AT KA BAND 247 10 3 1 DOUBLE LAYER 8 8 SIW SLOT ARRAY 247 10 3 1 1 PARAMETER EXTRACTION OF RADIATING SLOTS 247 10 3 1 2 FEEDING NETWORK 249 10 3 1 3 SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS 249 10 3 2 16 16 MONOPULSE SIW SLOT ARRAY 251 10 3 2 1 SERIES T JUNCTION FEEDING NETWORK 252 10 3 2 2 SUM DIFFERENCE NETWORK 253 10 3 2 3 SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS 254 10 4 SUMMARY 256 REFERENCES 257 11 SUBSTRATE EDGE ANTENNAS 259 11 1 INTRODUCTION 259 11 2 STATE OF THE ART 261 11 2 1 END FIRE SEAS 261 11 2 2 LEAKY WAVE SEAS 263 11 3 TAPERED STRIPS FOR WIDEBAND IMPEDANCE MATCHING 264 11 3 1 TAPERED TRIANGULAR STRIPS 265 11 3 2 TAPERED RECTANGULAR STRIPS 266 11 4 EMBEDDED PLANAR LENS FOR GAIN ENHANCEMENT 268 11 4 1 EMBEDDED METALLIC LENS 269 11 4 2 EMBEDDED GAP LENS 271 11 5 PRISM LENS FOR BROADBAND FIXED BEAM LEAKY WAVE SEAS 272 11 6 SUMMARY 282 REFERENCES 283