HANDBOOK OF ACOUSTICS
CHAPTER FUNDAMENTALS OF SOUND THE SIMPLE SINUSOID SINE-WAVE LANGUAGE PROPAGATION OF SOUND THE DANCE OF THE PARTICLES HOW A SOUND WAVE IS PROPAGATED SOUND IN FREE SPACE WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY COMPLEX WAVES HARMONICS PHASE PARTIALS OCTAVES THE CONCEPT OF SPECTRUM ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL, AND ACOUSTICAL ANALOGS SOUND LEVELS AND THE DECIBEL RATIOS VS DIFFERENCES HANDLING NUMBERS LOGARITHMS DECIBELS REFERENCE LEVELS LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FORMS COMPARED ACOUSTIC POWER C O N T E N T S USING DECIBELS EXAMPLE: SOUND-PRESSURE LEVEL EXAMPLE: LOUDSPEAKER SPL EXAMPLE: MICROPHONE SPECIFICATIONS EXAMPLE: LINE AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE: GENERAL-PURPOSE AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE: CONCERT HALL EXAMPLE: COMBINING DECIBELS RATIOS AND OCTAVES MEASURING SOUND-PRESSURE LEVEL THE EAR AND THE PERCEPTION OF SOUND SENSITIVITY OF THE EAR A PRIMER OF EAR ANATOMY THE PINNA: DIRECTIONAL ENCODER OF SOUND DIRECTIONAL CUES: AN EXPERIMENT THE EAR CANAL THE MIDDLE EAR THE INNER EAR STEREOCILIA LOUDNESS VS FREQUENCY LOUDNESS CONTROL AREA OF AUDIBILITY LOUDNESS VS SOUND-PRESSURE LEVEL LOUDNESS AND BANDWIDTH LOUDNESS OF IMPULSES AUDIBILITY OF LOUDNESS CHANGES PITCH VS FREQUENCY AN EXPERIMENT TIMBRE VS SPECTRUM LOCALIZATION OF SOUND SOURCES BINAURAL LOCALIZATION THE MISSING FUNDAMENTAL THE EAR AS AN ANALYZER THE EAR AS A MEASURING INSTRUMENT AN AUDITORY ANALYZER: AN EXPERIMENT METERS VS THE EAR THE PRECEDENCE EFFECT PERCEPTION OF REFLECTED SOUND OCCUPATIONAL AND RECREATIONAL DEAFNESS SUMMARY SOUND WAVES IN THE FREE FIELD FREE SOUND FIELD: DEFINITION SOUND DIVERGENCE EXAMPLES: FREE-FIELD SOUND DIVERGENCE INVERSE SQUARE IN ENCLOSED SPACES HEMISPHERICAL PROPAGATION SPEECH, MUSIC, AND NOISE THE VOICE SYSTEM ARTIFICIAL LARYNX SOUND SPECTROGRAPH SOUND SOURCES FOR SPEECH VOCAL TRACT MOLDING OF SPEECH FORMATION OF VOICED SOUNDS FORMATION OF UNVOICED SOUNDS PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER SYNTHESIZED SPEECH DIGITAL SPEECH SYNTHESIS DIRECTIONALITY OF SPEECH MUSIC WIND INSTRUMENTS NONHARMONIC OVERTONES DYNAMIC RANGE OF SPEECH AND MUSIC POWER IN SPEECH AND MUSIC FREQUENCY RANGE OF SPEECH AND MUSIC FUTURE DYNAMIC-RANGE REQUIREMENTS AUDITORY AREA NOISE NOISE—THE GOOD KIND RANDOM NOISE WHITE AND PINK NOISE SIGNAL DISTORTION HARMONIC DISTORTION ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING RESONANCE FILTERS ACTIVE FILTERS ANALOG VS DIGITAL FILTERS DIGITIZATION QUANTIZATION DIGITAL FILTERS APPLICATION OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (DSP) APPLICATION OF DSP TO ROOM EQUALIZATION REVERBERATION REVERBERATION AND NORMAL MODES GROWTH OF SOUND IN A ROOM DECAY OF SOUND IN A ROOM IDEALIZED GROWTH AND DECAY OF SOUND REVERBERATION TIME MEASURING REVERBERATION TIME IMPULSE SOUND SOURCES STEADY-STATE SOURCES EQUIPMENT MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE ANALYSIS OF DECAY TRACES MODE DECAY VARIATIONS WRITING SPEED FREQUENCY EFFECT REVERBERATION TIME VARIATION WITH POSITION ACOUSTICALLY COUPLED SPACES ELECTROACOUSTICALLY COUPLED SPACES DECAY RATE ELIMINATING DECAY FLUCTUATIONS INFLUENCE OF REVERBERATION ON SPEECH INFLUENCE OF REVERBERATION ON MUSIC OPTIMUM REVERBERATION TIME BASS RISE OF REVERBERATION TIME LIVING ROOM REVERBERATION TIME ARTIFICIAL REVERBERATION: THE PAST ARTIFICIAL REVERBERATION: THE FUTURE ARRIVAL TIME GAP THE SABINE EQUATION REVERBERATION CALCULATION: EXAMPLE REVERBERANT FIELD CONTROL OF INTERFERING NOISE NOISE SOURCES AND SOME SOLUTIONS AIRBORNE NOISE NOISE CARRIED BY STRUCTURE NOISE TRANSMITTED BY DIAPHRAGM ACTION SOUND-INSULATING WALLS POROUS MATERIALS SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASSIFICATION (STC) COMPARISON OF WALL STRUCTURES DOUBLE WINDOWS SOUND-INSULATING DOORS NOISE AND ROOM RESONANCES ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL ABSORPTION OF SOUND DISSIPATION OF SOUND ENERGY EVALUATION OF SOUND ABSORPTION REVERBERATION CHAMBER METHOD IMPEDANCE TUBE METHOD TONE-BURST METHOD MOUNTING OF ABSORBENTS MID/HIGH FREQUENCY ABSORPTION BY POROSITY GLASS FIBER: BUILDING INSULATION GLASS FIBER: BOARDS ACOUSTICAL TILE EFFECT OF THICKNESS OF ABSORBENT EFFECT OF AIRSPACE BEHIND ABSORBENT EFFECT OF DENSITY OF ABSORBENT OPEN-CELL FOAMS DRAPES AS SOUND ABSORBERS CARPET AS SOUND ABSORBER EFFECT OF CARPET TYPE ON ABSORBANCE EFFECT OF CARPET UNDERLAY ON ABSORBANCE CARPET ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS SOUND ABSORPTION BY PEOPLE ABSORPTION OF SOUND IN AIR LOW-FREQUENCY ABSORPTION BY RESONANCE DIAPHRAGMATIC ABSORBERS POLYCYLINDRICAL ABSORBERS POLY CONSTRUCTION MEMBRANE ABSORBERS HELMHOLTZ RESONATORS PERFORATED PANEL ABSORBERS SLAT ABSORBERS PLACEMENT OF MATERIALS REVERBERATION TIME OF HELMHOLTZ RESONATORS TAMING ROOM MODES INCREASING REVERBERATION TIME MODULES REFLECTION OF SOUND REFLECTIONS FROM FLAT SURFACES DOUBLING OF PRESSURE AT REFLECTION REFLECTIONS FROM CONVEX SURFACES REFLECTIONS FROM CONCAVE SURFACES REFLECTIONS FROM PARABOLIC SURFACES REFLECTIONS INSIDE A CYLINDER STANDING WAVES REFLECTION OF SOUND FROM IMPEDANCE IRREGULARITIES THE CORNER REFLECTOR ECHO-SOUNDING PERCEPTIVE EFFECTS OF REFLECTIONS DIFFRACTION OF SOUND RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION DIFFRACTION AND WAVELENGTH DIFFRACTION OF SOUND BY LARGE AND SMALL APERTURES DIFFRACTION OF SOUND BY OBSTACLES DIFFRACTION OF SOUND BY A SLIT DIFFRACTION BY THE ZONE PLATE DIFFRACTION AROUND THE HUMAN HEAD DIFFRACTION BY LOUDSPEAKER CABINET EDGES DIFFRACTION BY VARIOUS OBJECTS REFRACTION OF SOUND REFRACTION OF SOUND IN SOLIDS REFRACTION OF SOUND IN THE ATMOSPHERE REFRACTION OF SOUND IN THE OCEAN REFRACTION OF SOUND IN ENCLOSED SPACES DIFFUSION OF SOUND THE PERFECTLY DIFFUSE SOUND FIELD EVALUATING DIFFUSION IN A ROOM STEADY-STATE MEASUREMENTS DECAY BEATS EXPONENTIAL DECAY SPATIAL UNIFORMITY OF REVERBERATION TIME DECAY SHAPES MICROPHONE DIRECTIVITY ROOM SHAPE SPLAYING ROOM SURFACES NONRECTANGULAR ROOMS GEOMETRICAL IRREGULARITIES ABSORBENT IN PATCHES CONCAVE SURFACES CONVEX SURFACES: THE POLY PLANE SURFACES THE SCHROEDER DIFFUSOR SCHROEDER’S FIRST ACOUSTIC DIFFUSOR MAXIMUM-LENGTH SEQUENCES REFLECTION PHASE-GRATING DIFFUSORS QUADRATIC-RESIDUE DIFFUSORS PRIMITIVE-ROOT DIFFUSORS QUADRATIC-RESIDUE APPLICATIONS PERFORMANCE OF DIFFRACTION-GRATING DIFFUSORS EXPANSION OF THE QRD LINE SOLVING FLUTTER PROBLEMS APPLICATION OF FRACTALS DIFFUSION IN THREE DIMENSIONS ACOUSTIC CONCRETE BLOCKS MEASURING DIFFUSION EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF GRATINGS WITH CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES MODAL RESONANCES IN ENCLOSED SPACES RESONANCE IN A PIPE BATHROOM ACOUSTICS REFLECTIONS INDOORS TWO-WALL RESONANCE WAVES VS RAYS FREQUENCY REGIONS DIVIDING THE AUDIO SPECTRUM WAVE ACOUSTICS MODE CALCULATIONS—AN EXAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION MODE IDENTIFICATION MODE DECAY MODE BANDWIDTH MODE PRESSURE PLOTS MODAL DENSITY MODE SPACING AND COLORATION EXPERIMENTS WITH COLORATIONS SIMPLIFIED AXIAL MODE ANALYSIS THE BONELLO CRITERION CONTROLLING PROBLEM MODES MODE SUMMARY REFLECTIONS IN ENCLOSED SPACES LAW OF THE FIRST WAVEFRONT MEAN FREE PATH THE EFFECT OF SINGLE REFLECTIONS PERCEPTION OF SOUND REFLECTIONS PERCEPTION OF SPACIOUSNESS IMAGE CHANGES DISCRETE ECHOES EFFECT OF ANGLE OF INCIDENCE ON AUDIBILITY OF REFLECTION EFFECT OF SIGNAL TYPE OF AUDIBILITY OF REFLECTION EFFECT OF SPECTRUM ON AUDIBILITY OF REFLECTION USING REFLECTION DATA LARGE SPACES ECHOES SPACIOUSNESS COMB-FILTER EFFECTS WHAT IS A COMB FILTER? SUPERPOSITION OF SOUND TONAL SIGNALS AND COMB FILTERS COMBING OF MUSIC AND SPEECH SIGNALS COMBING OF DIRECT AND REFLECTED SOUND COMB FILTERS AND CRITICAL BANDS COMB FILTERS IN STEREO LISTENING COLORATION AND SPACIOUSNESS COMBING IN STEREO MICROPHONE PICKUPS AUDIBILITY OF COMB-FILTER EFFECTS COMB FILTERS IN PRACTICE ESTIMATING COMB-FILTER RESPONSE QUIET AIR FOR THE STUDIO SELECTION OF NOISE CRITERION FAN NOISE ASHRAE MACHINERY NOISE AIR VELOCITY EFFECT OF TERMINAL FITTINGS “NATURAL” ATTENUATION DUCT LINING PLENUM SILENCERS PACKAGED ATTENUATORS REACTIVE SILENCERS RESONATOR SILENCER DUCT LOCATION SOME PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS ACOUSTICS OF THE LISTENING ROOM THE ACOUSTICAL LINK PECULIARITIES OF SMALL-ROOM ACOUSTICS ROOM SIZE ROOM PROPORTIONS REVERBERATION TIME THE LISTENING ROOM: LOW FREQUENCIES CONTROL OF MODAL RESONANCES BASS TRAPS FOR THE LISTENING ROOM MODAL COLORATIONS THE LISTENING ROOM: THE MID-HIGH FREQUENCIES IDENTIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF REFLECTION POINTS LATERAL REFLECTIONS: CONTROL OF SPACIOUSNESS ACOUSTICS OF THE SMALL RECORDING STUDIO ACOUSTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A STUDIO STUDIO DESIGN STUDIO VOLUME ROOM PROPORTIONS DIFFUSION STUDIO DESIGN PROCEDURE SOME STUDIO FEATURES ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL STUDIOS ACOUSTICS OF THE CONTROL ROOM THE INITIAL TIME-DELAY GAP THE LIVE END SPECULAR REFLECTIONS VS DIFFUSION LOW-FREQUENCY RESONANCES IN THE CONTROL ROOM INITIAL TIME-DELAY GAPS IN PRACTICE MANAGING REFLECTIONS THE REFLECTION-FREE-ZONE CONTROL ROOM CONTROL-ROOM FREQUENCY RANGE OUTER SHELL OF THE CONTROL ROOM INNER SHELL OF THE CONTROL ROOM REPRESENTATIVE CONTROL ROOMS SOME EUROPEAN DESIGNS CONSULTANTS ACOUSTICS FOR MULTITRACK RECORDING FLEXIBILITY ADVANTAGES OF MULTITRACK DISADVANTAGES OF MULTITRACK ACHIEVING TRACK SEPARATION STUDIO ACOUSTICS DISTANCE BETWEEN ARTISTS MICROPHONE MANAGEMENT BARRIERS FOR SEPARATION ELECTRONIC SEPARATION ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS AND SEPARATION THE FUTURE OF MULTICHANNEL AUTOMATION AUDIO/VIDEO TECH ROOM AND VOICE-OVER RECORDING SELECTION OF SPACE: EXTERNAL FACTORS SELECTION OF SPACE: INTERNAL FACTORS WORK SPACE TREATMENT AUDIO/VIDEO WORK PLACE EXAMPLE APPRAISAL OF ROOM RESONANCES CONTROL OF ROOM RESONANCES TREATMENT OF WORK PLACE CALCULATIONS THE VOICE-OVER BOOTH DEAD-END LIVE-END VOICE STUDIO VOICE-OVER BOOTHS THE QUICK SOUND FIELD™ ADJUSTABLE ACOUSTICS DRAPERIES ADJUSTABLE PANELS: ABSORPTION ADJUSTABLE PANELS: THE ABFFUSOR™ HINGED PANELS LOUVERED PANELS VARIABLE RESONANT DEVICES ROTATING ELEMENTS PORTABLE UNITS: THE TUBE TRAP™ PORTABLE UNITS: THE KORNER KILLER™ ACOUSTICAL DISTORTION ACOUSTIC DISTORTION AND THE PERCEPTION OF SOUND SOURCES OF ACOUSTIC DISTORTION COUPLING OF ROOM MODES SPEAKER-BOUNDARY INTERFERENCE RESPONSE COMB FILTERING POOR DIFFUSION CONCLUSION ROOM ACOUSTICS MEASUREMENT SOFTWARE THE EVOLUTION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES BUILDING A BETTER ANALYZER TIME-DELAY SPECTROMETRY (TDS) MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES MAXIMUM-LENGTH SEQUENCE (MLS) TECHNIQUES ACOUSTISOFT’S ETF PROGRAM FREQUENCY-RESPONSE MEASUREMENTS RESONANCE MEASUREMENTS FRACTIONAL-OCTAVE MEASUREMENTS ENERGY-TIME CURVE MEASUREMENTS ROOM OPTIMIZER INTRODUCTION MODAL RESPONSE SPEAKER-BOUNDARY INTERFERENCE RESPONSE OPTIMIZATION THEORY PREDICTION OF ROOM RESPONSE OPTIMIZING PROCEDURE COST PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE RESULTS STEREO PAIR STEREO PAIR WITH TWO WOOFERS PER LOUDSPEAKER THX HOME THEATER MULTICHANNEL MUSIC SUBWOOFER DESKTOP AURALIZATION THE AURALIZATION PROCESS