THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

By JENNIFER HARRIS

CONTENTS PART I STUDY OF THE THERMODYNAMIC WORKS OF J WILLARD GIBBS (1887) AN EXAMINATION OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE PRINCIPLE OF THE EQUIVALENCE OF HEAT AND WORK CLAUSIUS’ POSTULATE THE CARNOT CYCLE AND THE POSTULATE OF SIR W THOMSON CARNOT’S THEOREM AND ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE ENTROPY UNCOMPENSATED WORK, THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL AND GIBBS’ THEOREM HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF GIBBS’ THEORY HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GIBBS’ THEORY APPLICATIONS OF GIBBS’ THEORY TO DISSOCIATION PHENOMENA APPLICATION OF GIBBS’ THEORY TO THE VOLTAIC CELL PART II COMMENTARY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS: THE PRINCIPLE OF THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (1892) PRELIMINARY DE?NITIONS ON ABSOLUTE MOTION ON BODIES AND MIXTURES OR COMBINATIONS ON BODIES ISOLATED IN SPACE ON THE VARIABLES WHICH DE?NE THE STATE AND MOVEMENT OF A SYSTEM ON INDEPENDENT SYSTEMS ON TEMPERATURE THE PRINCIPLE OF THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY THE MECHANICAL WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A SYSTEM THE KINETIC ENERGY AND THE INTERNAL ENERGY CONTENTS WORK AND QUANTITY OF HEAT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION ON WORK ON THE QUANTITY OF HEAT THE CLASSICAL PROBLEM OF DYNAMICS CALORIMETRY PART III COMMENTARY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS: THE PRINCIPLE OF SADI CARNOT AND R CLAUSIUS (1893) THE CARNOT CYCLE AND REVERSIBLE CHANGES VIRTUAL CHANGES CYCLES A REAL CYCLE CAN REPRODUCE ITSELF INDE?NITELY ADIABATIC, EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC CHANGES ISOTHERMAL CHANGES: THE CARNOT CYCLE SIMULTANEOUS INDEPENDENT CHANGES: GENERALISATION OF THE CARNOT CYCLE CHANGES WHICH ARE A SEQUENCE OF EQUILIBRIUM STATES REVERSIBLE CHANGES THE HYPOTHESES OF CLAUSIUS AND SIR W THOMSON ADDITION TO THE HYPOTHESES OF CLAUSIUS AND SIR W THOMSON VARIOUS KINDS OF CARNOT CYCLES CARNOT’S THEOREM CARNOT’S THEOREM (CONTINUED): THE USE OF REVERSIBLE CHANGES ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE A DE?NITIVE STATEMENT OF CARNOT’S THEOREM ENTROPY AND CLAUSIUS’ THEOREM CONDITIONS AND HYPOTHESES CALORI?C COEF?CIENTS OF THE SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM DEMONSTRATION OF CLAUSIUS’ THEOREM A PROPERTY OF REVERSIBLE CYCLES ON THE CASE EXCEPTED FROM THE PRECEDING PART IV COMMENTARY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS: THE GENERAL EQUATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS (1894) PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM THE INTERNAL THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM FORMED FROM SEVERAL INDEPENDENT PARTS WITH THE SAME TEMPERATURE THE FUNDAMENTAL HYPOTHESIS; NORMAL VARIABLES THE PROBLEM OF EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM IN MOTION MEANING OF THE WORD “MOTION” MOTION OF A SYSTEM WITH THE SAME TEMPERATURE AT ALL POINTS CALORI?C COEF?CIENTS OF A SYSTEM IN MOTION FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY OF THE PASSIVE RESISTANCES SYSTEMS WITHOUT VISCOSITY SYSTEMS FORMED OF INDEPENDENT PARTS WITH DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES CONNECTIONS BILATERAL AND UNILATERAL CONNECTIONS THE INTERNAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM WITH CONNECTIONS ENTROPY [244] AND THE THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL OF A SYSTEM WITH CONNECTIONS EQUILIBRIUM OF A SYSTEM SUBJECT TO BILATERAL CONNECTIONS EQUILIBRIUM OF A SYSTEM SUBJECT TO UNILATERAL CONNECTIONS MOTION OF A SYSTEM WITH UNIFORM TEMPERATURE SUBJECT TO BILATERAL CONNECTIONS MOTION OF A SYSTEM WHOSE VARIOUS PARTS, TAKEN TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES, ARE SUBJECT TO BILATERAL CONNECTIONS CALORI?C COEF?CIENTS OF A SYSTEM SUBJECT TO BILATERAL CONNECTIONS STABILITY AND DISPLACEMENT OF EQUILIBRIUM ON THE TOTAL THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL STABILITY OF THE EQUILIBRIUM AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE DISPLACEMENT OF EQUILIBRIUM BY A VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE ISOTHERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF EQUILIBRIUM ISENTROPIC STABILITY OF THE EQUILIBRIUM ISENTROPIC DISPLACEMENT OF EQUILIBRIUM SPECI?C HEAT UNDER CONSTANT ACTIONS CONCLUSION