THE ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTION IN METALS

By KENNETH RAMIREZ

PART I QUANTUM DOTS 1 SINGLE PHOTONS FROM SINGLE QUANTUM DOTS NEW LIGHT FOR QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING 3 QUANTUM DOT SPIN QUBIT AND HYPERFINE INTERACTION 17 COUNTING STATISTICS OF SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN A SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOT 31 SIZE TUNABLE EXCHANGE INTERACTION IN INAS GAAS QUANTUM DOTS 45 QUANTUM DOTS IN PLANAR CAVITIES SINGLE AND ENTANGLED PHOTON SOURCES 59 PART II MOLECULES AND NANOPARTICLES 71 PERIODIC STRUCTURE FORMATION IN POLYMER FILMS WITH EMBEDDED GOLD NANOPARTICLES 73 PROTEINS AND PATIENTS MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES AS ANALYTIC MARKERS 87 NOVEL QUANTUM TRANSPORT EFFECTS IN SINGLE MOLECULE TRANSISTORS 99 PART III NANOWIRES AND 1D SYSTEMS 111 CONTENTS GROWTH EVOLUTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PLD ZN MG O NANOWIRE ARRAYS 113 SPIN TRANSFER TORQUES IN SINGLE CRYSTALLINE NANOPILLARS 127 ANDREEV REFLECTION IN NB INAS STRUCTURES PHASE COHERENCE BALLISTIC TRANSPORT AND EDGE CHANNELS 141 SELECTIVE EDGE EXCITATION INTER EDGE MAGNETOPLASMON MODE AND INTER EDGE SPIN DIODE 155 DECOHERENCE OF FERMIONS SUBJECT TO A QUANTUM BATH 169 CORRELATION EFFECTS ON ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT THROUGH DOTS AND WIRES 183 PART IV OPTOELECTRONICS 197 ULTRAFAST DYNAMICS OF OPTICALLY INDUCED CHARGE AND SPIN CURRENTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS 199 FROM A FUNDAMENTAL UNDERSTANDING OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL TO OPTIMIZATION RULES FOR NONVOLATILE OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC STORAGE 211 GAINAS ALASSB QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS A NEW APPROACH TOWARDS 3 TO 5 M SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS 223 PART I QUANTUM DOTS 1 2 SINGLE PHOTONS FROM SINGLE QUANTUM DOTS NEW LIGHT FOR QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING ABSTRACT IN THIS PAPER WE DISCUSS THE PROSPECTS OF SINGLE QUANTUM DOTS FOR SINGLE PHOTON GENERATION AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN QUANTUM INFORMATION EXPERIMENTS WE REVIEW THE CHARACTERIZATION OF QUANTUM DOT EMISSION AND AS AN EXAMPLE REPORT A RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED APPLICATION IN A QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY PROTOCOL 1 INTRODUCTION THERE HAS BEEN CONSIDERABLE E ORT IN THE RECENT PAST TO EXPLOIT LIGHT FOR QUAN TUM INFORMATION PROCESSING PHOTONS ARE IDEAL TOOLS TO TRANSMIT QUANTUM INFORMATION OVER LARGE DISTANCES IN 1984 BENNETT AND BRASSARD PROPOSED A SECRET KEY DISTRIBUTION PROTOCOL 1 THAT USES THE SINGLE PARTICLE CHARACTER OF A PHOTON TO AVOID ANY POSSIBILITY OF EAVESDROPPING ON AN ENCODED MESSAGE FOR A REVIEW SEE 2 ALSO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF E CIENT QUANTUM GATES BASED ON PHOTONS AND LINEAR OPTICS WERE PROPOSED 3 4 AND DEMONSTRATED 5 6 PROPOSALS EXTEND THE ROLE OF PHOTONS AS THE INFORMATION CARRIERS IN LARGER NETWORKS 7 BETWEEN PROCESSING KNOTS OF STATIONARY QUBITS LIKE IONS 8 11 ATOMS 12 13 QUANTUM DOTS QDS 14 15 AND JOSEPHSON QUBITS 16 17 LINEAR OPTICS APPLICATIONS IN QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING REQUIRE THE RELIABLE DETERMINISTIC GENERATION OF SINGLE OR FEW PHOTON STATES HOWEVER DUE TO THEIR BOSONIC CHARACTER PHOTONS TEND TO APPEAR IN BUNCHES THUS CLAS SICAL LIGHT SOURCES PROVIDE A BROAD PHOTON NUMBER DISTRIBUTION AS DEPICTED FOR THERMAL AND LASER LIGHT IN FIGS 1A AND 1B RESPECTIVELY THIS CHARACTERIS TICS HINDERS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CLASSICAL SOURCES PARTICULARLY IN QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS SINCE AN EAVESDROPPER MAY GAIN PARTIAL INFORMATION BY A BEAM SPLITTER ATTACK SIMILAR OBSTACLES OCCUR FOR LINEAR OPTICS QUANTUM COMPUTATION WHERE PHOTONIC QUANTUM GATES 3 QUANTUM REPEATERS 18 AND QUANTUM TELEPORTATION 19 REQUIRE THE PREPARATION OF SINGLE OR FEW PHOTON STATES ON DEMAND IN ORDER TO OBTAIN RELIABILITY AND HIGH E CIENCY WHILE AN IDEAL NON CLASSICAL SINGLE PHOTON SOURCE EMITS A SUB POISSONIAN PHOTON NUMBER DISTRIBUTION WITH EXACTLY ONE PHOTON AT A TIME REAL SOURCES HAVE IN 3