PHOTOPOLARIMETRY IN REMOTE SENSING
TABLE OF CONTENTS PART II AN INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL MODELLING OF MICROWAVE SCATTERING AND POLARIMETRIC REMOTE SENSING CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO INVERSE RADAR SCATTERING PROBLEMS 1 1 THEORETICAL ASPECTS 3 1 2 PATTERN RECOGNITION AND EVALUATION PARAMETERS 7 1 3 CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING INVERSE SCATTERING TECHNIQUES 8 1 4 POLARIMETRIC RADAR 11 1 4 1 EFFECTS OF POLARIZATION 11 1 4 2 EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY 12 1 4 3 EFFECTS OF ANGLE OF INCIDENCE 12 CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF REMOTE SENSING BY RADAR POLARIMETRY 2 1 PHYSICAL PROCESS OF ENCODING DECODING OF POLARIMETRIC DATA 13 2 1 1 EFFECTS OF PROPAGATION 14 2 2 PHYSICAL REALIZATION OF A POLARIMETRIC RADAR 15 2 2 1 COMPUTATION OF THE POLARIMETRIC RADAR RECEIVED VOLTAGES 17 2 3 METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS OF POLARIMETRIC DATA 24 2 4 RADAR TECHNIQUES FOR POLARIMETRIC REMOTE SENSING 25 2 4 1 MONOSTATIC AND MULTISTATIC RADARS 26 2 4 2 MULTI ANTENNA RADAR SYSTEM FOR MEASURING FIELD SPACE COHERENCE AND CORRELATION DISTANCE 28 2 4 3 MULTI FREQUENCY RADAR SYSTEM FOR MEASURING FIELD CORRELATIONS IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN AND THE FREQUENCY CORRELATION BANDWIDTH 30 2 4 4 DOPPLER POLARIMETRIC RADAR 34 CHAPTER 3 PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 3 1 PHYSICAL MODELLING 43 3 1 1 WAVE SURFACE SCATTERING 46 3 1 2 WAVE SCATTERER OBJECT INTERACTION 53 3 1 3 WAVE MEDIUM VOLUME SCATTERING 54 3 1 4 EFFECTS ON THE POLARIZATION STATE OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE 56 3 1 5 SYSTEM DESIGN ASPECTS 57 3 2 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 58 3 2 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL 58 3 2 2 STATISTICAL MODELLING OF THE SCATTERED SIGNAL 60 3 2 3 MEASURED STATISTICS OF SCATTERING MATRIX COEFFICIENTS 62 3 2 4 COHERENT INCOHERENT SCATTERING 65 CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE SCATTERING METHODS 4 1 INTRODUCTION 69 4 1 1 PERTURBATION THEORY OF SCATTERING 69 SMALL PERTURBATIONS FIRST ORDER THEORY 70 DEPOLARIZATION EFFECTS OF SCATTERING 73 HIGHER ORDER PERTURBATION MODIFIED THEORY 75 MULTIPLE SCATTERING 80 4 1 2 KIRCHHOFF THEORY OF SCATTERING SHORT WAVELENGTH LIMIT 84 MULTIPLE SCATTERING DEPOLARIZATION 97 4 1 3 OTHER TYPES OF SCATTERING MODELLING 101 4 2 TRANSPORT THEORY RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION 103 4 2 1 POLARIZATION SYNTHESIS 106 PART III DIAGNOSTICS OF THE EARTH S ENVIRONMENT USING POLARIMETRIC RADAR MONITORING FORMULATION AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 5 BASIC MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR RANDOM ENVIRONMENTS 5 1 INTRODUCTION 111 5 2 SPACE SPECTRUM METHOD 114 5 2 1 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND RELATIONSHIPS 114 5 2 2 STOCHASTIC OR ENSEMBLE AVERAGING 117 5 3 SOLUTIONS 121 5 3 1 CYLINDERS AS VEGETATION MODEL 121 5 3 2 STOCHASTIC FIELD EQUATIONS 123 5 3 3 AVERAGED STOCHASTIC EQUATIONS DESCRIBING SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED SCATTERERS FIRST ORDER APPROXIMATION 133