ELECTRONIC BASIS OF THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

By C. FARAR

CONTENTS SECTION II ELEMENTS OF SOLID MECHANICS 1 NATURE OF ELASTIC STIFFNESS 2 GENERALIZED STRESS 2 1 SPECI?CATION OF A PLANE 2 2 RESOLUTION OF AN AREA ELEMENT 2 3 RESOLUTION OF A FORCE ELEMENT 2 4 DE?NITION OF THE LOCAL STATE OF STRESS 2 5 PRINCIPAL STRESSES 3 GENERALIZED STRAIN 4 ELASTIC COEF?CIENTS 4 1 CUBIC CRYSTALS 4 2 STRAIN ENERGY 4 3 CONTRACTED NOTATION 4 4 YOUNG’S MODULUS 4 5 CAUCHY’S RELATIONS SECTION III ELEMENTS OF ELECTRON MECHANICS 5 PROPERTIES OF ELECTRONS 6 QUANTUM STATES 6 1 WAVE-LIKE ?ELDS 6 2 PARTICLE ON A RING 6 3 PARTICLE ON A SPHERE 6 4 THE MOST SIMPLE ATOM (HYDROGEN) 6 5 ELECTRON SPIN 6 6 THE PAULI PRINCIPLE 6 7 SUMMING UP 7 PERIODIC PATTERNS OF ELECTRONS 8 HEISENBERG’S PRINCIPLE 8 1 HEISENBERG HYDROGEN ATOM CONTENTS SECTION IV ELASTIC STIFFNESS 9 COHESION OF ATOMS 9 1 LIMITING BOND TYPES 9 2 COVALENT BONDS 9 3 THE IMPORTANCE OF SYMMETRY FACTORS 9 4 IONIC BONDING 9 5 METALLIC BONDING 9 6 LONDON FORCES 9 7 HYDROGEN BONDING 9 8 MAGNETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO COHESION 10 INTRAMOLECULAR COHESION 10 1 COVALENT DIATOMIC MOLECULES (TIME INDEPENDENT) 10 2 TIME DEPENDENT THEORY (RESONANCE) POLYATOMIC MOLECULES INTERMOLECULAR COHESION LONDON FORCES POLARIZABILITY CASIMIR FORCES DERJAGUIN FORCES DIPOLE–DIPOLE CRYSTALS HYDROGEN BONDS BULK MODULUS BULK STIFFNESSES OF THE ELEMENTS (CHEMICAL FACTORS) METALS SIMPLE METALS ALKALI METALS TRANSITION METALS THEORY OF THE BULK MODULUS (SIMPLE METALS) THE LANTHANIDES HARD METALS (METALLOID–METAL INTERSTITIAL COMPOUNDS) INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS COVALENT CRYSTALS IONIC CRYSTALS FLUORITES CHALCOGENIDES (OXYGEN COLUMN OF THE PERIODIC TABLE) SILICATES MOLECULAR CRYSTALS SHEAR MODULUS GENERAL COMMENTS SHEAR STIFFNESSES THE CAUCHY RELATIONS FAILURE OF RADIAL POTENTIALS COMPOUNDS ISOTOPE EFFECT QUASICRYSTALS POLYMERS ATOMIC VIBRATIONS ENTROPIC ELASTICITY (POLYMERS) INTRODUCTION ENTHALPIC STIFFNESS ENTROPIC STIFFNESS RUBBERY ELASTICITY UNIVERSALITY AND UNI?CATION SHEAR STIFFNESS PLASTIC RESISTANCE (PHYSICAL HARDNESS) SHEAR-INDUCED PHASE TRANSITIONS SHEAR-INDUCED CHEMICAL REACTIONS SECTION V PLASTIC STRENGTH MACROSCOPIC PLASTIC DEFORMATION DISTINCTION BETWEEN ELASTIC AND PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS PLASTIC EQUATION OF STATE MODES OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION MICROSCOPIC PLASTIC DEFORMATION PLASTICITY AS LINEAR TRANSPORT MULTIPLICATION OF DISLOCATIONS SOME KINEMATICS IMPORTANCE OF DISLOCATION MOBILITY DISLOCATION MOBILITY MOBILITIES, GENERAL DISLOCATIONS WITH LOW MOBILITIES STEADINESS OF MOTION RESISTANCE TO INDIVIDUAL DISLOCATION MOTION CHEMICAL THEORY OF DISLOCATION MOBILITY MOLECULAR SOLIDS ALLOYS AND INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS OXIDE CRYSTALS (INCLUDING SILICATES) GLASSES SELF-INTERACTIONS (STRAIN HARDENING) ACTIVATION OF MOTION SECTION VI FRACTURE RESISTANCE MECHANICS OF CRACKS ELEMENTS OF CRACKING FRACTURE SURFACE ENERGIES INELASTIC EFFECTS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL ENERGIES SURFACE STATES SURFACE ENERGIES SURFACE ENERGY FROM THE HEISENBERG PRINCIPLE SURFACE ENERGY FROM ELASTIC STIFFNESS SURFACE ENERGY FROM PLASMON THEORY INTERFACIAL ENERGIES FROM PLASMON THEORY LONG-RANGE ATTRACTION OF CLEAVAGE FACES IMPORTANCE OF POLARIZABILITY FRACTURING RATES THERMAL ACTIVATION FRACTURE VIA TUNNELING ZENER TUNNELING CONFORMANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA WITH THE TUNNELING EQUATION