INTRODUCTION TO ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS

By B. LALIK

CONTENTS PRELIMINARY NOTIONS MASS, ENERGY, LINEAR MOMENTUM THE LAW OF MOTION OF A PARTICLE THE MASS OF A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES, KINEMATIC INVARIANTS SYSTEMS OF INTERACTING PARTICLES NATURAL UNITS COLLISIONS AND DECAYS HADRONS, LEPTONS AND QUARKS THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS THE PASSAGE OF RADIATION THROUGH MATTER SOURCES OF HIGH-ENERGY PARTICLES PARTICLE DETECTORS PROBLEMS FURTHER READING NUCLEONS, LEPTONS AND BOSONS THE MUON AND THE PION STRANGE MESONS AND HYPERONS THE QUANTUM NUMBERS OF THE CHARGED PION CHARGED LEPTONS AND NEUTRINOS THE DIRAC EQUATION THE POSITRON THE ANTIPROTON SYMMETRIES PARITY PARTICLE–ANTIPARTICLE CONJUGATION TIME REVERSAL AND CPT THE PARITY OF THE PION PION DECAY QUARK ?AVOURS AND BARYONIC NUMBER LEPTONIC ?AVOURS AND LEPTON NUMBER ISOSPIN THE SUM OF TWO ISOSPINS: THE PRODUCT OF TWO REPRESENTATIONS G-PARITY HADRONS RESONANCES THE 3/2Þ BARYONS THE DALITZ PLOT SPIN, PARITY, ISOSPIN ANALYSIS OF THREE-PION SYSTEMS PSEUDOSCALAR AND VECTOR MESONS THE QUARK MODEL MESONS BARYONS CHARM THE THIRD FAMILY THE ELEMENTS OF THE STANDARD MODEL QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS CHARGE CONSERVATION AND GAUGE SYMMETRY THE LAMB AND RETHERFORD EXPERIMENT QUANTUM ?ELD THEORY THE INTERACTION AS AN EXCHANGE OF QUANTA THE FEYNMAN DIAGRAMS AND QED ANALYTICITY AND THE NEED FOR ANTIPARTICLES ELECTRON–POSITRON ANNIHILATION INTO A MUON PAIR THE EVOLUTION OF A CHROMODYNAMICS HADRON PRODUCTION AT ELECTRON–POSITRON COLLIDERS SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS NUCLEON STRUCTURE THE COLOUR CHARGES COLOUR BOUND STATES THE EVOLUTION OF AS THE ORIGIN OF HADRON MASS THE QUANTUM VACUUM WEAK INTERACTIONS CLASSI?CATION OF WEAK INTERACTIONS LOW-ENERGY LEPTON PROCESSES AND THE FERMI CONSTANT PARITY VIOLATION HELICITY AND CHIRALITY MEASUREMENT OF THE HELICITY OF LEPTONS VIOLATION OF THE PARTICLE–ANTIPARTICLE CONJUGATION CABIBBO MIXING THE GLASHOW, ILIOPOULOS AND MAIANI MECHANISM THE QUARK MIXING MATRIX WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENTS THE NEUTRAL K AND B MESONS AND CP VIOLATION THE STATES OF THE NEUTRAL K SYSTEM STRANGENESS OSCILLATIONS REGENERATION CP VIOLATION OSCILLATION AND CP VIOLATION IN THE NEUTRAL B SYSTEM CP VIOLATION IN MESON DECAYS THE STANDARD MODEL THE ELECTROWEAK INTERACTION STRUCTURE OF THE WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENTS ELECTROWEAK UNI?CATION DETERMINATION OF THE ELECTROWEAK ANGLE THE INTERMEDIATE VECTOR BOSONS THE UA1 EXPERIMENT THE DISCOVERY OF W AND Z THE EVOLUTION OF SIN2HW PRECISION TESTS AT LEP THE INTERACTION BETWEEN INTERMEDIATE BOSONS THE SEARCH FOR THE HIGGS BOSON BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL NEUTRINO MIXING NEUTRINO OSCILLATION FLAVOUR TRANSITION IN MATTER THE EXPERIMENTS LIMITS ON NEUTRINO MASS CHALLENGES B V C Ð1:1Þ AND C ¼ Q Ð1:2Þ CALLED THE ‘LORENTZ FACTOR’ AN EVENT IS DE?NED BY THE FOUR-VECTOR OF THE COORD- INATES (CT,R) ITS COMPONENTS IN THE TWO FRAMES (T,X,Y,Z) AND (T0,X0,Y0,Z0) ARE LINKED BY THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS (LORENTZ 1904, POINCARE´ 1905) X0 ¼ C X BCT Ð Þ Y0 ¼ Y Z0 ¼ Z CT0 ¼ C CT BX Ð Þ: Ð1:3Þ THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS FORM A GROUP THAT H POINCARE´, WHO ?RST RECOGNISED THIS PROPERTY IN 1905, CALLED THE LORENTZ GROUP THE GROUP CONTAINS THE PARAMETER C,