PHYSICS IN PROPORTION
CONTENTS WHAT IS PHYSICS? PROPORTIONALITY TWO KINDS OF PHYSICS LEARNING PHYSICS A CAPSULE HISTORY OF PHYSICS MATHEMATICAL TOOLS PROPORTION UNITS DATA: STRAIGHT LINE PLOTS UNCERTAINTY IN DATA DIMENSION POSITION, TIME, AND (CONSTANT) VELOCITY THE SPEED OF LIGHT, AND SI UNITS DIMENSION AND SCALING POWER LAWS, AND THE LOGARITHM 2 10 NUMBERS IN GEOMETRY ARE RATIOS 2 11 THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 2 12 ANGULAR MEASURES 2 13 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL ANGLES 2 14 SMALL ANGLE APPROXIMATIONS GEOMETRICAL OPTICS ANGULAR SIZE THE EYE BINOCULAR VISION AND PARALLAX WIDE OPEN PUPILS THE LENS OF THE EYE REFRACTION FOCAL LENGTH INTERPRETING RELATIONSHIPS THE FOCAL LENGTH OF THE EYE 3 10 VIRTUAL IMAGES 3 11 THIN LENSES 3 12 OBJECT AND IMAGE 3 13 OPTICAL SYSTEMS 3 13 1 THE MAGNIFYING GLASS 3 13 2 THE MICROSCOPE 3 13 3 TWO LENSES TOGETHER 3 13 4 THE ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE 3 13 5 GALILEAN TELESCOPE 3 14 MIRRORS 3 15 SPHERICAL ABERRATIONS 3 16 RE?ECTION AND REFRACTION 3 17 FERMAT’S PRINCIPLE 3 18 WAVEFRONTS: A DUAL THEORY OF LIGHT TIME AND OSCILLATION ANGULAR CLOCKS THE SOLAR CLOCK THE SIDEREAL CLOCK SOLAR VS SIDEREAL ASIDE ON KEPLER’S LAWS ATOMIC CLOCKS GPS: GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM LONGITUDE THE MOONS OF JUPITER PERIOD, FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE VELOCITY IN ORBIT, PROJECTED PENDULUMS THE PERIOD OF A PENDULUM THE BINOMIAL APPROXIMATION FOR PERTURBATIONS 4 10 PENDULUMS AND THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH 4 11 SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATORS 4 12 EXPONENTIAL DECAY 4 13 DATING BY RADIOACTIVE DECAY MASS, WEIGHT, AND EQUILIBRIUM ARCHIMEDES TORQUE AND FORCE SPRING FORCES: HOOKE’S LAW WEIGHT AND MASS SPRINGS IN PARALLEL AND SERIES NEWTON’S THIRD LAW YOUNG’S MODULUS THE FORCE BETWEEN ATOMS MECHANICAL ENERGY AND MOTION GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY SPRING POTENTIAL ENERGY THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A PENDULUM FALLING, AND KINETIC ENERGY VELOCITY V IN FALLING UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION ENERGY OF AN OSCILLATOR OSCILLATORS LOSING ENERGY A CHEMICAL BOND VECTOR QUANTITIES PROJECTILE MOTION VECTOR ADDITION VELOCITY AND SPEED GALILEAN RELATIVITY FALLING AND RELATIVITY FALLING AND IMPULSE MORE ON PROJECTILE MOTION IMPULSE AND CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM IMPULSE AND CIRCULAR MOTION DENSITY AND FLUIDS MASS DENSITY ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE GALILEO’S BALANCE GALILEO’S PROOF OF ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE BUOYANCY AND PRESSURE MORE ON HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE THE BAROMETER BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE 8 10 APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE 8 10 1 FORCE OF THE WIND 8 10 2 FLOW PAST AN AIRFOIL 8 11 FLOW IN PIPES 8 11 1 VENTURI FLOW METER 8 11 2 POISSEUILLE FLOW 8 11 3 CURRENT DENSITY 8 12 SHEAR STRESS AND VISCOSITY 8 13 STOKES FLOW 8 14 POISSEUILLE FLOW REVISITED 8 15 THE REYNOLDS NUMBER 8 16 RESISTANCE IN SERIES AND PARALLEL 8 17 THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 8 18 A FRACTAL MODEL OF CIRCULATION TEMPERATURE, HEAT, AND INTERNAL ENERGY TEMPERATURE THERMOMETERS THE GAS THERMOMETER AVOGADRO’S HYPOTHESIS HEAT CAPACITY MOLAR HEAT CAPACITIES STATISTICAL MODEL FOR MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY PHASE TRANSITIONS ENTROPY 10 THERMODYNAMICS 10 1 WORK 10 2 P?V WORK 10 3 VARIOUS PROCESSES 10 3 1 ADIABATIC PROCESS: ?Q = 10 3 2 ISOTHERMAL PROCESSES, ?T = 0 10 3 3 A CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS 10 3 4 REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES 10 4 HEAT ENGINES 10 4 1 THE CARNOT CYCLE 10 4 2 REFRIGERATORS, HEAT PUMPS 10 5 LIFE AT FIXED TEMPERATURE 10 6 LIFE AT FIXED TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE 11 STATISTICAL PHYSICS 11 1 IDEAL SOLUTIONS AS IDEAL GASES 11 2 STATISTICAL MECHANICS 11 3 RANDOMNESS 11 4 BROWNIAN MOTION