PHYSICS OF QUANTUM WELL DEVICES
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 QUANTUM WELL DEVICES 1 2 SCOPE OF THE BOOK 2 HETEROSTRUCTURE GROWTH 2 1 MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY 2 2 METALORGANIC CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION 2 3 CHEMICAL BEAM EPITAXY 2 4 OTHER TECHNIQUES 2 4 1 HOT-WALL EPITAXY 2 4 2 GS-MBE 2 4 3 LASER-ASSISTED MBE 2 4 4 ATOMIC LAYER EPITAXY 2 4 5 RF-ECR MBE 2 5 1D STRUCTURES 2 5 1 ETCHING AND REGROWTH 2 5 2 GROWTH ON VICINAL SUBSTRATES 2 5 3 INTERDIFFUSION OF GROUP-III ELEMENTS 2 5 4 GROWTH ON PATTERNED NON-PLANAR SUBSTRATES 2 6 0D STRUCTURES 2 6 1 ETCHING OR ION MILLING 2 6 2 SELECTIVE ETCH TECHNIQUE 2 6 3 SELF-ORGANIZED GROWTH 2 7 CONCLUSION 3 BAND OFFSET 3 1 TYPES OF HETEROSTRUCTURES 3 2 EMPIRICAL RULES 3 2 1 ELECTRON AFFINITY RULE 3 2 2 COMMON-ANION RULE 3 3 1 TERSOFF METHOD 3 3 2 VAN DE WALLE-MARTIN METHOD 3 4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 3 4 1 ABSORPTION MEASUREMENT 3 4 2 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENT 3 4 3 X-RAY CORE LEVEL PHOTOEMISSION 3 3 THEORETICAL METHODS SPECTROSCOPY (XPS) 3 5 VALUES OF BAND OFFSET 3 6 CONCLUSION 4 ELECTRON STATES 4 1 EFFECTIVE-MASS APPROXIMATION 4 1 1 EFFECTIVE-MASS APPROXIMATION FOR DEGENERATE 4 1 2 ENVELOPE-FUNCTION EQUATION FOR ELECTRONS 4 1 3 ENVELOPE'-FUNCTION EQUATION FOR HOLES 4 1 4 ENVELOPE-FUNCTION EQUATION FOR HIGH-ENERGY 4 1 5 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 4 2 1 QUANTUM WELL 4 2 2 SUPERLATTICE 4 2 3 SINGLE HETEROJUNCTION 4 2 4 QUANTUM WIRES AND QUANTUM DOTS EXTREMA ELECTRONS 4 2 ENERGY LEVELS OF ELECTRONS 4 3 ENERGY LEVELS OF HOLES 4 4 ENERGY LEVELS IN STRAINED-LAYER WELLS 4 4 1 EFFECT OF STRAIN ON THE CONDUCTION BAND 4 4 2 EFFECT OF STRAIN ON THE VALENCE BAND 4 5 CONCLUSION 5 OPTICAL INTERACTOION PHENOMENA 5 1 OPTICAL INTERACTION IN BULK MATERIALS 5 2 INTERACTION IN QUANTUM WELLS 5 2 1 INTERBAND TRANSITIONS 5 2 2 INTERSUBBAND ABSORPTION 5 3 1 EXCITED-STATE WAVE FUNCTION 5 3 2 EXCITONIC WAVE FUNCTIONS 5 3 3 EXCITONIC OPTICAL INTERACTION MATRIX ELEMENT 5 3 EXCITONS 5 3 4 EXCITONS IN QUANTUM WELLS 5 3 5 EXCITONIC OPTICAL MATRIX ELEMENT FOR QUANTUM WELLS 5 4 BOUND AND LOCALIZED EXCITONS 5 5 ABSORPTION 5 5 1 INTERBAND ADSORPTION 5 5 2 EXCITONIC ABSORPTION 5 5 3 ABSORPTION SPECTRUM 5 5 4 INTERSUBBAND ABSORPTION 5 6 QUANTUM-CONFINED STARK EFFECT 5 7 NONLINEAR EFFECTS 5 7 1 NONRESONANT NONLINEARITY 5 8 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE 5 9 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTRUM 5 10 CONCLUSION 6 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 6 1 SCATTERING PROCESSES FOR 2DEG 6 2 MATRIX ELEMENTS FOR 2DEG 6 3 FORM FACTOR 6 4 SCREENING BY 2DEG 6 5 COLLISION INTEGRAL FOR 2DEG 6 6 SCATTERING RATE FOR 2DEG 6 7 SOLUTION OF THE TRANSPORT EQUATION FOR 2DEG 6 8 MOBILITY 6 8 3 ELECTRON MOBILITY IN ALGAN/GAN QW’S 6 8 4 GENERALIZED EXPRESSION FOR MOBILITY 6 9 1 THEORY 6 9 2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6 10 SCATTERING-INDUCED BROADENING OF PHOTOLUMINESCENCE SPECTRUM 6 11 BALLISTIC TRANSPORT 7 HIGH ELECTRON MOBILITY TRANSISTOR 7 1 STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 6 8 1 ELECTRON MOBILITY IN ALGAAS/GAAS AND ALGAAS/INGAAS SINGLE HETEROJUNCTION AND INP/GAINAS QW’S 6 8 2 ELECTRON MOBILITY IN INGAP/GAAS QW’S 6 9 HIGH-FIELD VELOCITY OF 2DEG 5 7 2 RESONANT NONLINEARITY 7 2 POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION AND 7 3 CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC 7 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 7 5 CURRENT RESEARCHES ON HEMT’S ACCUMULATED CHARGE DENSITY 7 5 1 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF CHARACTERISTICS 7 5 2 THEORETICAL MODELS AND SIMULATORS 7 5 4 CONTROL OF HEMT’S BY LIGHT 7 5 3 HIGH-POWER MICROWAVE HEMT’S 7 6 CONCLUSION 8 RESONANT TUNNELING DIODE 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 TUNNELING CHARACTERISTIC 8 3 CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC 8 4 EXPERIMENTS 8 5 APPLICATIONS 9 QUANTUM WELL LASER 9 1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE 9 2 LASER EQUATION 9 3 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS 9 4 THRESHOLD CURRENT 9 4 1 CONFINEMENT FACTOR 9 4 2 GAIN 9 4 3 ESTIMATION OF THRESHOLD CURRENT 9 4 4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL 9 5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 9 5 1 GAAS/ALGAAS QWL 9 5 2 INGAASP QWL 9 5 3 STRAINED-LAYER LASERS 9 5 4 VISIBLE MQWL 9 5 5 SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS 9 5 6 QUANTUM WIRE LASER 9 5 7 QUANTUM DOT LASER 9 6 CONCLUSION 10 QUANTUM WELL DETECTOR, MODULATOR 10 1 QUANTUM WELL DETECTOR AND SWITCH 10 1 1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 10 1 2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 10 1 3 QUANTUM DETECTOR SYSTEMS UNDER EXPERIMENTATION 10 2 QUANTUM WELL MODULATOR 10 2 1 TRANSVERSE TRANSMISSION MODULATOR 10 2 2 WAVEGUIDE MODULATOR 10 2 3 FABRY-PEROT MODULATOR 10 3 QUANTUM WELL SWITCH 10 3 1 R-SEED 10 3 2 D-SEED 10 3 3 S-SEED 10 4 OPTICAL BISTABLE DEVICE(OBD) 10 4 1 ABSORPTION-BASED OBD 10 4 2 DISPERSION-BASED 10 5 WAVEGUIDE ALL-OPTIC SWITCH 10 6 CONCLUSION