PHYSICS OF PLASMAS CLOSE TO THERMONUCLEAR CONDITIONS

By ROBERT MOORE

CONTENTS PART I PLASMA PHYSICS NATURE OF PLASMA INTRODUCTION CHARGE NEUTRALITY AND LANDAU DAMPING FUSION CORE PLASMA PLASMA CHARACTERISTICS VELOCITY SPACE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION PLASMA FREQUENCY DEBYE LENGTH CYCLOTRON FREQUENCY LARMOR RADIUS DRIFT VELOCITY OF GUIDING CENTER MAGNETIC MOMENT MIRROR CON?NEMENT COULOMB COLLISION FAST NEUTRAL BEAM INJECTION RUNAWAY ELECTRON DREICER FIELD ELECTRIC RESISTIVITY OHMIC HEATING VARIETY OF TIME AND SPACE SCALES IN PLASMAS MAGNETIC CON?GURATION AND PARTICLE ORBIT MAXWELL EQUATIONS MAGNETIC SURFACE EQUATION OF MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE PARTICLE ORBIT IN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC SYSTEM DRIFT OF GUIDING CENTER IN TOROIDAL FIELD GUIDING CENTER OF CIRCULATING PARTICLES GUIDING CENTER OF BANANA PARTICLES ORBIT OF GUIDING CENTER AND MAGNETIC SURFACE E?ECT OF LONGITUDINAL ELECTRIC FIELD ON BANANA ORBIT POLARIZATION DRIFT VELOCITY SPACE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION AND BOLTZMANN’S EQUATION PHASE SPACE AND DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION BOLTZMANN’S EQUATION AND VLASOV’S EQUATION PLASMA AS MHD FLUID MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS FOR TWO FLUIDS MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS FOR ONE FLUID SIMPLI?ED MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS MAGNETOACOUSTIC WAVE EQUILIBRIUM PRESSURE EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION FOR AXIALLY SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS TOKAMAK EQUILIBRIUM UPPER LIMIT OF BETA RATIO P?RSCH–SCHL¨UTER CURRENT VIRIAL THEOREM PLASMA TRANSPORT COLLISIONAL DI?USION (CLASSICAL DI?USION) MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TREATMENT A PARTICLE MODEL NEOCLASSICAL DI?USION OF ELECTRONS IN A TOKAMAK FLUCTUATION LOSS BOHM AND GYRO-BOHM DI?USION CONVECTIVE LOSS LOSS BY MAGNETIC FLUCTUATION MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC INSTABILITIES INTERCHANGE INSTABILITIES INTERCHANGE INSTABILITY STABILITY CRITERION FOR INTERCHANGE INSTABILITY MAGNETIC WELL FORMULATION OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC INSTABILITIES LINEARIZATION OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS ENERGY PRINCIPLE INSTABILITIES OF A CYLINDRICAL PLASMA INSTABILITIES OF SHARP-BOUNDARY CON?GURATION INSTABILITIES OF DI?USE BOUNDARY CON?GURATIONS SUYDAM’S CRITERION TOKAMAK CON?GURATION HAIN–L¨UST MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC EQUATION ENERGY INTEGRAL OF AXISYMMETRIC TOROIDAL SYSTEM ENERGY INTEGRAL IN ILLUMINATING FORM ENERGY INTEGRAL OF HIGH-N BALLOONING MODE BALLOONING INSTABILITY ETA-I MODE DUE TO DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE GRADIENT RESISTIVE INSTABILITIES TEARING INSTABILITY RESISTIVE DRIFT INSTABILITY PLASMA AS MEDIUM OF WAVES DISPERSION EQUATION OF WAVES IN A COLD PLASMA PROPERTIES OF WAVES 1021 POLARIZATION AND PARTICLE MOTION 1022 CUTO?AND RESONANCE WAVES IN A TWO-COMPONENT PLASMA VARIOUS WAVES 1041 ALFVEN WAVE 1042 ION CYCLOTRON WAVE AND FAST WAVE 1043 LOWER HYBRID RESONANCE 1044 UPPER HYBRID RESONANCE 1045 ELECTRON CYCLOTRON WAVE CONDITIONS FOR ELECTROSTATIC WAVES LANDAU DAMPING AND CYCLOTRON DAMPING LANDAU DAMPING (AMPLI?CATION) TRANSIT TIME DAMPING CYCLOTRON DAMPING QUASI-LINEAR THEORY OF EVOLUTION IN THE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION HOT PLASMA ENERGY FLOW RAY TRACING DIELECTRIC TENSOR OF HOT PLASMA WAVE HEATING IN THE ION CYCLOTRON FREQUENCY RANGE LOWER HYBRID HEATING ELECTRON CYCLOTRON HEATING VELOCITY SPACE INSTABILITIES (ELECTROSTATIC WAVES) 1271 DISPERSION EQUATION OF ELECTROSTATIC WAVE 1272 ELECTRON BEAM INSTABILITY 1273 VARIOUS VELOCITY SPACE INSTABILITIES DERIVATION OF DIELECTRIC TENSOR IN HOT PLASMA 1281 FORMULATION OF DISPERSION RELATION IN HOT PLASMA 1282 SOLUTION OF LINEARIZED VLASOV EQUATION 1283 DIELECTRIC TENSOR OF HOT PLASMA 1284 DIELECTRIC TENSOR OF BI-MAXWELLIAN PLASMA 1285 DISPERSION RELATION OF ELECTROSTATIC WAVE INSTABILITIES DRIVEN BY ENERGETIC PARTICLES FISHBONE INSTABILITY 1311 FORMULATION 1312 MHD POTENTIAL ENERGY 1313 KINETIC INTEGRAL OF HOT COMPONENT 1314 GROWTH RATE OF FISHBONE INSTABILITY TOROIDAL ALFV´EN EIGENMODE 1321 TOROIDICITY-INDUCED ALFV´EN EIGENMODE 1322 INSTABILITY OF TAE DRIVEN BY ENERGETIC PARTICLES 1323 VARIOUS ALFV´EN MODES COMPUTER SIMULATION MHD MODEL LINEARIZED KINETIC MODEL MODELING BULK PLASMA AND ENERGETIC PARTICLES GYRO?UID/GYRO-LANDAU-FLUID MODELS GYROKINETIC PARTICLE MODEL FULL ORBIT PARTICLE MODEL PART II CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION DEVELOPMENT OF FUSION RESEARCH FROM SECRECY TO INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION ARTSIMOVICH ERA THE TREK TO LARGE TOKAMAKS SINCE THE OIL CRISIS ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TOKAMAKS TOKAMAK DEVICES MHD STABILITY AND DENSITY LIMIT BETA LIMIT OF ELONGATED PLASMA IMPURITY CONTROL, SCRAPE-O?LAYER AND DIVERTOR CON?NEMENT SCALING OF L MODE H MODE AND IMPROVED CON?NEMENT MODES NON-INDUCTIVE CURRENT DRIVE 1681 LOWER HYBRID CURRENT DRIVE 1682 ELECTRON CYCLOTRON CURRENT DRIVE 1683 NEUTRAL BEAM CURRENT DRIVE 1684 BOOTSTRAP CURRENT NEOCLASSICAL TEARING MODE 1610 TOKAMAK REACTORS RFP STELLARATOR REVERSED FIELD PINCH 1711 REVERSED FIELD PINCH CON?GURATION 1712 MHD RELAXATION 1713 CON?NEMENT 1714 OSCILLATING FIELD CURRENT DRIVE STELLARATOR 1721 HELICAL FIELD 1722 STELLARATOR DEVICES 1723 NEOCLASSICAL DI?USION IN HELICAL FIELD 1724 CON?NEMENT OF STELLARATOR SYSTEM INERTIAL CON?NEMENT PELLET GAIN IMPLOSION MHD INSTABILITIES FAST IGNITION REFERENCES