HANDBOOK OF PHYSICS
Aharonov–Bohm Effect 1 Aharonov–Casher Effect 3 Algebraic Quantum Mechanics 6 Angular Momentum 10 Anyons 10 Aspect Experiment 14 Asymptotic Freedom 18 Atomic Model 18 Atomic Models, JJ Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Model 18 Atomic Models, Nagaoka’s Saturnian Model 22 Bell’s Theorem 24 Berry’s Phase 31 Black Body 36 Black-Body Radiation 39 Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 43 Bohmian Mechanics 47 Bohm’s Approach to the EPR Paradox 55 Bohr’s Atomic Model 58 Bohr–Kramers–Slater Theory 62 Born Rule and its Interpretation 64 Bose–Einstein Condensation 71 Bose–Einstein Statistics 74 Bremsstrahlung 78 Brownian Motion 81 Bub–Clifton Theorem 84 Casimir Effect 87 Cathode Rays 89 Causal Inference and EPR 93 Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) – Theorem 96 Cluster States 96 Coherent States 106 Color Charge Degree of Freedom in Particle Physics 109 Complementarity Principle 111 Complex-Conjugate Number 114 Compton Experiment (or Compton Effect) 115 Consistent Histories 117 Copenhagen Interpretation 122 Correlations in Quantum Mechanics 122 Correspondence Principle 125 Counterfactuals in Quantum Mechanics 132 Covariance 136 CPT Theorem 138 Creation and Annihilation Operators 139 Creation and Detection of Entanglement 145 Davisson–Germer Experiment 150 De BroglieWavelength (? = h/p) 152 Decay 154 Decoherence 155 Degeneracy 159 Delayed-Choice Experiments 161 Density Matrix 166 Density Operator 166 Diffeomorphism Invariance 170 Dirac Equation 171 Dirac Notation 172 Double-Slit Experiment (or Two-Slit Experiment) 174 Effect 179 Ehrenfest Theorems 180 Eigenstates, Eigenvalues 182 Einstein Locality 182 Electron Interferometry 188 Electrons 195 Ensembles in Quantum Mechanics 199 Entanglement 201 Entanglement Purification and Distillation 202 Entropy of Entanglement 205 EPR-Problem (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Problem) 209 Errors and Paradoxes in Quantum Mechanics 211 Exclusion Principle (or Pauli Exclusion Principle) 220 Experimental Observation of Decoherence 223 Fermi–Dirac Statistics 230 Feynman Diagrams 235 Fine-Structure Constant 239 Franck–Hertz Experiment 241 Functional Integration; Path Integrals 243 Gauge Symmetry 248 Generalizations of Quantum Statistics 255 GHZ (Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger) Theorem and GHZ States 258 Gleason’s Theorem 263 Grover’s Algorithm 266 GRW Theory (Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber Model of Quantum Mechanics) 266 Hamiltonian Operator 271 Hardy Paradox 275 Heisenberg Microscope 279 Heisenberg Picture 280 Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation (Indeterminacy Relations) 281 Hermitian Operator 284 Hidden Variables 284 Hidden-Variables Models of Quantum Mechanics (Noncontextual and Contextual) 287 Hilbert Space 291 Holism in Quantum Mechanics 295 Identity of Quanta 299 Identity Operator 304 Ignorance Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 305 Indeterminacy Relations 306 Indeterminism and Determinism in Quantum Mechanics 307 Indistinguishability 311 Interaction-FreeMeasurements (Elitzur–Vaidman, EV IFM) 317 Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics 322 Invariance 322 Ithaca Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 325 jj-Coupling 327 Kaluza–Klein Theory 328 Kochen–Specker Theorem 331 Land´e’s g-factor and g-formula 336 Large-Angle Scattering 337 Light Quantum 339 Locality 347 Loopholes in Experiments 348 L¨uders Rule 356 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 359 Magnetic Resonance 359 ManyWorlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 363 Matrix Mechanics 368 MatterWaves 371 Measurement Problem 373 Measurement Theory 374 Mesoscopic Quantum Phenomena 379 Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics 384 Mixed State 389 Mixing and Oscillations of Particles 390 Modal Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics 394 Neutron Interferometry 402 No-Cloning Theorem 404 Nonlocality 405 Nuclear Fission 411 Nuclear Models 414 Objectification 417 Objective Quantum Probabilities 420 Observable 425 One- and Two-Photon Interference 428 Operational Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Axiomatics and Quantum Structures 434 Operator 440 Orthodox Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 444 Orthonormal Basis 447 Parity 450 Particle Physics 455 Particle Tracks 460 Parton Model 465 Paschen–Back Effect 468 Pauli Exclusion Principle 470 Pauli Spin Matrices 470 Photoelectric Effect 472 Photon 476 PilotWaves 476 Planck’s Constant h 478 POVM(Positive Operator Value Measure) 480 Probabilistic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 485 Probability in Quantum Mechanics 492 Projection 497 Projection Postulate 499 Propensities in Quantum Mechanics 502 ProtectiveMeasurements 505 Pure States 508 Quantization (First, Second) 509 Quantization (Systematic) 510 Quantum Chaos 514 Quantum Chemistry 518 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) 524 Quantum Communication 527 Quantum Computation 533 Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) 539 Quantum Entropy 543 Quantum Eraser 546 Quantum Field Theory 549 Quantum Gravity (General) and Applications 565 Quantum Hall Effect 572 Quantum Interrogation 591 Quantum Jump Experiments 595 Quantum Jumps 599 Quantum Logic 601 Quantum Mechanics 605 Quantum Numbers 605 Quantum State Diffusion Theory (QSD) 608 Quantum State Reconstruction 609 Quantum Statistics 611 Quantum Theory, 1914–1922 613 Quantum Theory, Crisis Period 1923–Early 1925 613 Quantum Theory, Early Period (1900–1913) 617 Quantum Zeno Effect 622 Quarks 626 Quasi-Classical Limit 626 Radioactive Decay Law (Rutherford–Soddy) 630 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 632 Renormalization 637 Rigged Hilbert Spaces in Quantum Physics 640 Rigged Hilbert Spaces for the Dirac Formalism of Quantum Mechanics 651 Rigged Hilbert Spaces and Time Asymmetric Quantum Theory 660 Russell–Saunders Coupling 671 Rutherford Atom 671 Scattering Experiments 676 Schr¨odinger Equation 681 Schr¨odinger’s Cat 685 Schr¨odinger Picture 689 Selection Rules 690 Self-Adjoint Operator 692 Semi-classical Models 697 Shor’s Algorithm 702 Solitons 702 Sommerfeld School 716 Specific Heats 719 Spectral Decomposition 721 Spectroscopy 721 Spin 726 Spin Echo 731 Spin Statistics Theorem 733 Squeezed States 736 Standard Model 738 Stark Effect 738 States in Quantum Mechanics 742 States, Pure and Mixed, and Their Representations 744 State Operator 746 Statistical Operator 746 Stern–Gerlach Experiment 746 Superconductivity 750 Superfluidity 758 Superluminal Communication in Quantum Mechanics 766 Superposition Principle (Coherent and Incoherent Superposition) 769 Superselection Rules 771 Symmetry 779 Time in Quantum Theory 786 Trace 793 Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 795 Tunneling 799 Two-State Vector Formalism 802 Uncertainty Principle, Indetermincay Relations 807 Unitary Operator 807 VectorModel 810 Wave Function 812 Wave Function Collapse 813 WaveMechanics 822 Wave Packet 828 Wave-Particle Duality: Some History 830 Wave-Particle Duality: A Modern View 835 Weak Value andWeak Measurements 840 Werner States 843 Which-Way orWelcher-Weg-Experiments 845 Wigner Distribution 851 Wigner’s Friend 854 X-Rays 859 Zeeman Effect