THERMAL ANALYSIS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS TO POLYMER SCIENCE
CONTENTS PART 1: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCELLULOSE-BASED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES 1 NANOCELLULOSE-BASED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES: AN INTRODUCTION 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 NANOCELLULOSE: SOURCE, STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS 1 3 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 2 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE-BASED NANOCOMPOSITES: ROADMAP FOR INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE PRODUCTION, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS 2 2 1 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE PRODUCTION 2 2 2 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS 2 3 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE-BASED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES 2 3 1 BC/NATURAL POLYMERS NANOCOMPOSITES 2 3 2 BC/WATER-SOLUBLE SYNTHETIC POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES 2 3 3 BC/ TH ERMOPLASTIC (AND TH ERMOSETTING) NANOCOMPOSITES 2 3 4 BC-BASED ELECTROCONDUCTIVE POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES 2 4 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE-BASED HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS 2 4 1 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE HYBRIDS WITH SILVER NANOPARTICLES (BC/AG NPS) 2 4 2 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE HYBRIDS WITH MISCELLANEOUS METALLIC NANOPARTICLES 2 4 3 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE HYBRIDS WITH SILICA NANOPARTICLES (BC/SIO2 NPS) 2 4 4 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE HYBRIDS WITH TITANIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (BC/TIO2 NPS) 2 4 5 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE HYBRIDS WITH IRON OXIDES (BC/FEXOY NPS) 2 4 6 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE HYBRIDS WITH HYDROXYAPATITE (BC/HAP NPS) 2 4 7 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE HYBRIDS WITH CARBON ALLOTROPES 2 4 8 MISCELLANEOUS BACTERIAL CELLULOSE HYBRIDS 2 4 9 FINAL REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 2 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 POLYURETHANES REINFORCED WITH CELLULOSE 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 CONVENTIONAL POLYURETHANES REINFORCED WITH NANOCELLULOSE FIBERS 3 3 WATERBORNE POLYURETHANES REINFORCED WITH NANOCELLULOSE FIBERS 3 4 BIOBASED POLYURETHANES REINFORCED WITH NANOCELLULOSE FIBERS 3 4 1 BIOBASED COMPOSITES OBTAINED BY USING ORGANIC SOLVENTS 3 4 2 BIOBASED COMPOSITES OBTAINED BY USING WATER AS A SOLVENT 3 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL REMARKS 4 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE AND ITS USE IN RENEWABLE COMPOSITES 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 CELLULOSE PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTION 4 2 1 INTRODUCTION TO CELLULOSE 4 2 2 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE 4 3 TAILOR-DESIGNING BACTERIAL CELLULOSE 4 3 1 MODIFYING THE PROPERTIES OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE 4 3 2 IN-SITU MODIFI CATIONS 4 3 3 POST MODIFI CATIONS 4 4 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE COMPOSITES 4 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 4 2 RENEWABLE MATRIX POLYMERS 4 4 3 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE COMPOSITES 4 5 BIODEGRADABILITY 4 6 CONCLUSIONS 5 NANOCELLULOSE-REINFORCED POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES FABRICATED BY IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION TECHNIQUE 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 CELLULOSE AS FILLER IN POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES 5 2 1 SOURCE 5 2 2 STRUCTURE 5 2 3 PROPERTIES 5 2 4 CELLULOSE NANOFI LLERS 5 2 5 EXTRACTION OF CELLULOSE NANOFI LLERS 5 2 6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CELLULOSE NANOFI LLERS 5 2 7 SURFACE MODIFI CATION OF CELLULOSE NANOFI LLERS 5 3 CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES 5 4 IN-SITU POLYMERIZED CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES 5 5 NOVEL MATERIALS WITH WIDE APPLICATION POTENTIAL 5 5 1 BONE DEFECT REPAIR AND BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING 5 5 2 ELECTRICALLY ACTIVE PAPER 5 5 3 NANOSTRUCTURED POROUS MATERIALS FOR DRUG DELIVERY OR AS BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS 5 5 4 SURFACE COATING APPLICATIONS 5 5 5 BIOBASED GREEN NANOCOMPOSITES 5 6 EFF ECT OF IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION ON BIODEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES 5 7 FUTURE OF CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES 6 MULTIFUNCTIONAL TERNARY POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON CELLULOSIC NANOREINFORCEMENTS 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 CELLULOSIC REINFORCEMENTS (CR) 6 2 1 MICROFI BRILLATED CELLULOSE (MFC) 6 2 2 NANOCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (NCC) 6 2 3 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE (BC) 6 3 INTERACTION OF CNR WITH DIFF ERENT NANOREINFORCEMENTS 6 3 1 CNR AND METALLIC NANOPARTICLES 6 3 2 CNR AND CERAMIC NANOPARTICLES 6 3 3 CNR AND CARBON-BASED NANOPARTICLES 6 3 4 CNR AND BIOLOGICAL NANOREINFORCEMENTS 6 4 TERNARY POLYMERIC SYSTEMS BASED ON CNR 6 4 1 TH ERMOPLASTIC MATRICES AND CNR-BASED SYSTEMS 6 4 2 TH ERMOSETTING MATRICES AND CNR-BASED SYSTEMS 6 5 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 EFF ECT OF FIBER LENGTH ON TH ERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE NANOBIOCOMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH KENAF FIBER AND NANOCLAY 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 EXPERIMENTAL 7 2 1 MATERIALS 7 2 2 FABRICATION OF NANOBIOCOMPOSITES 7 2 3 ANALYSIS 7 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7 3 1 TH ERMAL PROPERTIES (TGA) 7 3 2 TH ERMOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES (TMA) 7 3 3 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (DMA) 7 3 4 TENSILE PROPERTIES 7 3 5 FLEXURAL PROPERTIES 7 3 6 IMPACT PROPERTIES 7 3 7 SEM AND EDX OBSERVATION 7 4 CONCLUSIONS 8 CELLULOSE-BASED LIQUID CRYSTALLINE COMPOSITE SYSTEMS 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASES OF CELLULOSE AND ITS DERIVATIVES 8 2 1 ALL-CELLULOSIC-BASED BIOMIMETIC COMPOSITE SYSTEMS 8 2 2 LIQUID CRYSTALLINE ELECTROSPUN FIBERS 8 3 CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 RECENT ADVANCES IN NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS AND NANOCELLULOSE 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 1 1 BIOPLASTICS CLASSIFI CATION AND CURRENT STATUS 9 1 2 NANOCELLULOSE FOR BIONANOCOMPOSITES 9 2 CELLULOSE BIONANOCOMPOSITES INCORPORATION OF CELLULOSE NANOFI BERS INTO BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS: GENERAL EFF ECT ON THE PROPERTIES 9 2 1 BIOPLASTICS-BASED NANOCELLULOSIC COMPOSITES 9 2 2 TREATMENT OF CNW: IMPROVEMENT OF CELLULOSE NANOFI BERS/ BIODEGRADABLE MATRIX COMPATIBILITY 9 2 3 PROCESSING OF CELLULOSE-BASED BIONANOCOMPOSITES 9 3 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUDING REMARKS PART 2: PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS NANOCELLULOSE- BASED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES 10 CELLULOSE NANO/MICROFI BERS-REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES: PROCESSING ASPECTS 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 TH E ROLE OF ISOLATION METHODS ON COMPOSITE PROPERTIES 10 3 PRETREATMENT OF FIBERS AND ITS ROLE IN COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE 10 4 DIFF ERENT PROCESSING METHODOLOGIES IN CELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES AND TH EIR EFF ECT ON FINAL PROPERTIES 10 5 CONCLUSION 11 NANOCELLULOSE-BASED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE: ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 CELLULOSE AND NANOCELLULOSE 11 3 ISOLATION OF NANOCELLULOSE 11 3 2 ULTRASONICATION 11 3 3 ELECTROSPINNING 11 3 4 ACID HYDROLYSIS 11 3 5 STEAM EXPLOSION 11 4 CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCELLULOSE 11 4 1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 11 4 3 TH ERMAL PROPERTIES 11 4 4 MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 11 5 DRYING OF NANOCELLULOSE 11 6 MODIFI CATIONS OF NANOCELLULOSE 11 6 1 ACETYLATION 11 6 2 SILYLATION 11 6 3 APPLICATION OF COUPLING AGENTS 11 6 4 GRAFT ING 11 7 NANOCELLULOSE-BASED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES 11 7 1 TH ERMOPLASTIC POLYMER-NANOCELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES 11 7 2 TH ERMOSET POLYMER-NANOCELLULOSE NANOCOMPOSITES 11 7 3 APPLICATION OF NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON NANOCELLULOSE 11 8 CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 12 ELECTROSPINNING OF CELLULOSE: PROCESS AND APPLICATIONS 12 1 CELLULOSIC FIBERS 12 2 CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF ELECTROSPUN CELLULOSE 12 3 APPLICATIONS OF CELLULOSE 12 4 ELECTROSPINNING 12 4 1 PROCESSING – FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS 12 5 ELECTROSPINNING OF CELLULOSE 12 6 SOLVENTS FOR ELECTROSPINNING OF CELLULOSE 12 6 1 ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUIDS 12 6 2 N-METHYL MORPHOLINE-N-OXIDE 12 6 3 LITHIUM CHLORIDE/N,N-DIMETHYLACETAMIDE 12 7 CELLULOSE COMPOSITE FIBERS 12 8 CONCLUSIONS ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLS 13 EFF ECT OF KENAF CELLULOSE WHISKERS ON CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE NANOCOMPOSITES PROPERTIES 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 EXPERIMENTAL 13 2 1 MATERIALS 13 2 2 WHISKER ISOLATION 13 2 3 NANOCOMPOSITE PREPARATION 13 3 CHARACTERIZATION 13 3 1 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) 13 3 2 TH ERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS (TGA) 13 3 3 DIFF ERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC) 13 3 4 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (DMA) 13 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 13 4 1 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) 13 4 2 TH ERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 13 4 3 DIFF ERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY ANALYSIS 13 4 4 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 13 5 CONCLUSIONS 14 PROCESSES IN CELLULOSE DERIVATIVE STRUCTURES 14 1 INTRODUCTION 14 1 1 LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS 14 1 2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPERSED IN A POLYMER MATRIX 14 1 3 TECHNIQUES FOR OBTAINING LIQUID CRYSTALS DISPERSED INTO A POLYMERIC MATRIX 14 1 4 SOME METHODS TO CHARACTERIZE THE LIQUID CRYSTAL STATE 14 1 5 LIQUID CRYSTAL STATE OF CELLULOSE AND CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES IN SOLUTION 14 1 6 CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES/POLYMERS SYSTEMS 14 2 CONCLUSIONS 15 CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS: NANOSTRENGTH FOR INDUSTRIAL AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 15 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 CELLULOSE AND ITS SOURCES 15 3 NANOCELLULOSE 15 4 CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS 15 4 1 EXTRACTION OF CNCS 15 4 2 OVERVIEW OF CNCS PRODUCTION BY ACID HYDROLYSIS 15 4 3 CHARACTERIZATION METHODS 15 4 4 PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR OF CNCS 15 5 AQUEOUS SUSPENSION AND DRYING OF CNCS 15 6 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CNCS 15 6 1 OXIDATION 15 6 2 POLYMER GRAFT ING 15 6 3 CATIONIC FUNCTIONALIZATION 15 6 4 ACETYLATION 15 6 5 SILYLATION 15 7 PROCESSING OF CNCS FOR BIOCOMPOSITES 15 7 1 SOLUTION CASTING 15 7 2 MELT COMPOUNDING 15 7 3 PARTIAL DISSOLUTION 15 7 4 ELECTROSPINNING 15 7 5 LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLY 15 8 APPLICATIONS OF CNCS-REINFORCED BIOCOMPOSITES 15 8 1 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 15 8 2 PHOTOCATALYTIC MATERIALS 15 8 3 PRINTED ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS 15 8 4 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES (LIBS) 15 8 5 OTHER STUDIES 15 9 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 15 9 1 DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 15 9 2 TISSUE ENGINEERING 15 9 3 HYDROGELS 15 9 4 BIOIMAGING 15 9 5 PH-SENSING MATERIALS 15 10 CONCLUSION 16 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF CELLULOSE AND ITS DERIVATIVES: PRESENT AND FUTURE 16 1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 16 2 USE OF CELLULOSE FOR TREATMENT OF RENAL FAILURE 16 2 1 TYPES OF DIALYZERS 16 2 2 PERFORMANCE OF HOLLOW-FIBER DIALYZERS 16 3 TYPES OF MEMBRANES 16 3 1 UNMODIFI ED CELLULOSIC MEMBRANE 16 3 2 MODIFI ED CELLULOSIC MEMBRANE 16 3 3 SYNTHETIC MEMBRANES 16 4 USE OF CELLULOSE FOR WOUND DRESSING 16 5 COTTON AS WOUND DRESSING MATERIAL 16 6 BIOSYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MC 16 7 MC AS A WOUND HEALING SYSTEM 16 8 MICROBIAL CELLULOSE/AG NANOCOMPOSITE 16 9 NANOCOMPOSITES OF MICROBIAL CELLULOSE AND CHITOSAN 16 10 COMMERCIALIZATION OF MICROBIAL CELLULOSE 16 11 USE OF CELLULOSE AS IMPLANT MATERIAL 16 12 DENTAL APPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS 17 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE AND ITS MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMPOSITES: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES 17 1 INTRODUCTION 17 1 1 SYNTHESIS MECHANISM OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE 17 1 2 PRODUCTION METHODS FOR BACTERIAL CELLULOSE 17 1 3 PROPERTIES OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE 17 2 MAGNETIC COMPOSITES 17 3 COMPOSITES WITH CATALYTIC ACTIVITY 17 4 ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING COMPOSITES 17 4 1 CONDUCTING POLYMER-BASED COMPOSITES 17 4 2 CARBON NANOMATERIALS-BASED COMPOSITES 17 5 COMPOSITES AS FUEL CELL COMPONENTS, ELECTRODES AND MEMBRANE 17 6 OPTICALLY TRANSPARENT AND MECHANICALLY FLEXIBLE COMPOSITES 17 7 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK PART