PLANCK SCALE EFFECTS IN ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY
CONTENTS PLANCK SCALE KINEMATICS AND THE PIERRE AUGER OBSERVATORY MOTIVATIONS INTRODUCTION THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND THE PIERRE AUGER OBSERVATORY THE PARTICLE PRODUCTION THRESHOLDS DISCUSSION: PHENOMENOLOGY, AND: WILL CR EXPERIMENTS DETECT LORENTZ VIOLATIONS? A MORE SPECULATIVE VIEW: SPACE-TIME INDETERMINATION THE E?ECT OF SPACE-TIME FLUCTUATIONS ON THE PROPAGATION OF HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS A FLUCTUATING SPACE-TIME CAN MAKE THE WORLD UNSTABLE DISCUSSION REFERENCES QUANTUM GRAVITY GENERAL QUESTIONS ON QUANTUM GRAVITY THE ISSUE OF BACKGROUND INDEPENDENCE THE CANONICAL APPROACH USING ASHTEKAR AND RELATED VARIABLES BIG RESULTS OF THIS APPROACH EUCLIDEAN QUANTUM GRAVITY PERTURBATIVE (GRAVITON) APPROACH STRINGS BIG RESULTS THE MALDACENA CONJECTURE DUALITIES AND BRANES SUMMARY: THE STATE OF THE ART IN QUANTUM GRAVITY INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM-GRAVITY PHENOMENOLOGY FROM “QUANTUM GRAVITY BEAUTY CONTESTS” TO QUANTUM GRAVITY PHENOMENOLOGY QUANTUM GRAVITY PHENOMENOLOGY PLANCK-SCALE QUANTUM PROPERTIES OF SPACETIME IDENTI?CATION OF EXPERIMENTS PREHISTORY OF QUANTUM GRAVITY PHENOMENOLOGY THE DAWN OF QUANTUM GRAVITY PHENOMENOLOGY THE MATURITY OF QUANTUM GRAVITY PHENOMENOLOGY: TEST THEORIES SOME CANDIDATE QUANTUM-GRAVITY E?ECTS PLANCK-SCALE DEPARTURES FROM LORENTZ SYMMETRY PLANCK-SCALE DEPARTURES FROM CPT SYMMETRY DISTANCE FUZZINESS ASIDE ON THE DI?ERENCES BETWEEN SYSTEMATIC AND NONSYSTEMATIC E?ECTS A PROTOTYPE EXERCISE: MODI?ED DISPERSION RELATIONS MODI?ED DISPERSION RELATIONS IN CANONICAL NONCOMMUTATIVE SPACETIME MODI?ED DISPERSION RELATIONS IN ?-MINKOWSKI NONCOMMUTATIVE SPACETIME MODI?ED DISPERSION RELATION IN LOOP QUANTUM GRAVITY SOME ISSUES RELEVANT FOR THE PROPOSAL OF TEST THEORIES A TEST THEORY FOR PURE KINEMATICS THE MINIMAL AEMNS TEST THEORY A TEST THEORY BASED ON LOW-ENERGY E?ECTIVE FIELD THEORY THE MINIMAL GPMP TEST THEORY DERIVATION OF LIMITS FROM ANALYSIS OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 4 10 DERIVATION OF LIMITS FROM ANALYSIS OF UHE COSMIC RAYS 4 11 DERIVATION OF LIMITS FROM ANALYSIS OF PHOTON STABILITY 4 12 DERIVATION OF LIMITS FROM ANALYSIS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK ASTROPHYSICAL BOUNDS ON PLANCK SUPPRESSED LORENTZ VIOLATION WINDOWS ON QUANTUM GRAVITY? LORENTZ VIOLATION THE GZK CUT-O? POSSIBLE LV PHENOMENA A BRIEF HISTORY OF SOME LV RESEARCH THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR LV DEFORMED DISPERSION RELATIONS E?ECTIVE FIELD THEORY AND LV NATURALNESS OF SMALL LV AT LOW ENERGY? REACTION THRESHOLDS AND LV CONSTRAINTS CONSTRAINTS ON RENORMALIZABLE TERMS SUMMARY OF CONSTRAINTS ON LV IN QED AT O(E/M) CONSTRAINTS AT O(E/M) FROM UHE COSMIC RAYS CONSTRAINTS AT O(E2/M 2)? CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION TO DOUBLY SPECIAL RELATIVITY DSR FROM QUANTUM GRAVITY? DOUBLY SPECIAL RELATIVITY AND THE ?-POINCAR´E ALGEBRA SPACE-TIME OF DSR FROM DSR THEORY TO DSR THEORIES PHYSICS WITH DOUBLY SPECIAL RELATIVITY TIME-OF-FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS AND THE ISSUE OF VELOCITY IN DSR REMARKS ON MULTI-PARTICLE SYSTEMS INTERFEROMETRY AS A UNIVERSAL TOOL IN PHYSICS THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERFEROMETRY ATOMIC INTERFEROMETRY THE BEAM SPLITTER INTERACTION WITH THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD ROTATION – THE SAGNAC E?ECT COUPLING TO THE GRAVITY GRADIENT TESTS OF RELATIVISTIC GRAVITY TESTS OF THE EINSTEIN EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE TEST OF ANOMALOUS DISPERSION RELATION TESTS WITH LASER INTERFEROMETRY TESTS WITH ATOMIC INTERFEROMETRY TEST OF SPACE-TIME FLUCTUATIONS ATOM AND NEUTRON INTERFEROMETRY LASER INTERFEROMETRY IN?ATIONARY COSMOLOGICAL PERTURBATIONS OF QUANTUM-MECHANICAL ORIGIN THE IN?ATIONARY UNIVERSE BASIC EQUATIONS THE IN?ATIONARY HYPOTHESIS IMPLEMENTING THE IN?ATIONARY HYPOTHESIS SLOW-ROLL IN?ATION REHEATING COSMOLOGICAL PERTURBATIONS GENERAL FRAMEWORK EQUATIONS OF MOTION THE SACHS-WOLFE E?ECT QUANTIZATION OF COSMOLOGICAL PERTURBATIONS QUANTIZATION OF A FREE SCALAR FIELD QUANTIZATION OF DENSITY PERTURBATIONS QUANTIZATION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES THE POWER SPECTRA IN THE SLOW-ROLL APPROXIMATION COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATIONS THE TRANS-PLANCKIAN PROBLEM OF IN?ATION MODI?ED DISPERSION RELATIONS THE MINIMAL APPROACH CPT VIOLATION AND DECOHERENCE IN QUANTUM GRAVITY INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY THEORETICAL MOTIVATION FOR CPT VIOLATION AND FORMALISM THE CPT THEOREM AND HOW IT MAY BE EVADED $ MATRIX AND STRONG CPT VIOLATION (CPTV) CPT SYMMETRY WITHOUT CPT SYMMETRY? DECOHERENCE AND PURITY OF STATES UNDER EVOLUTION MORE GENERAL CASE: DYNAMICAL SEMI-GROUP APPROACH TO DECOHERENCE, AND EVOLUTION OF PURE STATES TO MIXED STATE VECTOR REDUCTION (“WAVEFUNCTION COLLAPSE”) IN LINDBLAD DECOHERENCE NON-CRITICAL STRING DECOHERENCE: A LINK BETWEEN DECOHERENT QUANTUM MECHANICS AND GRAVITY? COSMOLOGICAL CPTV? PHENOMENOLOGY OF CPT VIOLATION ORDER OF MAGNITUDE ESTIMATES OF CPTV MNEMONIC CUBES FOR CPTV PHENOMENOLOGY LORENTZ VIOLATION AND CPT: THE STANDARD MODEL EXTENSION (SME) DIRECT SME TESTS AND MODI?ED DISPERSION RELATIONS (MDR) NEUTRINOS AND SME LORENTZ NON-INVARIANCE, MDR AND ?-OSCILLATIONS LORENTZ NON INVARIANCE, MDR AND ? SPIN-FLAVOR CONVERSION ?-FLAVOUR STATES AND MODI?ED LORENTZ INVARIANCE (MLI) CPTV AND DEPARTURE FROM LOCALITY FOR NEUTRINOS 3 10 FOUR-GENERATION ? MODELS WITH CPTV 3 11 CPTV THROUGH QG DECOHERENCE: NEUTRAL MESONS 3 12 EPR ENTANGLED NEUTRAL MESON STATES AND NOVEL DECOHERENCE-INDUCED CPT VIOLATING E?ECTS 3 13 CPTV DECOHERENCE AND ULTRA COLD NEUTRONS 3 14 CPTV THROUGH QG DECOHERENCE FOR NEUTRINOS: THE MOST SENSITIVE PROBE TO DATE CONCLUSIONS QUANTUM FOAM AND QUANTUM GRAVITY PHENOMENOLOGY QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS OF SPACETIME GEDANKEN EXPERIMENT THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE QUANTUM GRAVITY MODELS CUMULATIVE E?ECTS OF SPACETIME FLUCTUATIONS CLOCKS, COMPUTERS, AND BLACK HOLES CLOCKS COMPUTERS BLACK HOLES RESULTS FOR ARBITRARY DIMENSIONS ENERGY-MOMENTUM UNCERTAINTIES SPACETIME FOAM PHENOMENOLOGY PHASE INCOHERENCE OF LIGHT FROM EXTRA-GALACTIC SOURCES HIGH ENERGY ? RAYS FROM DISTANT GRB INTERFEROMETRY TECHNIQUES ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAY EVENTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS GAMMA-RAY BURSTS AS PROBES FOR QUANTUM GRAVITY LOOP QUANTUM GRAVITY AND PLANCK SCALE PHENOMENOLOGY