THE PHYSICS OF RADIATION THERAPY
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 ? EXTERNAL BEAM THERAPY EQUIPMENT 1 1 X-RAY MACHINE 1 2 CO-60 UNIT 1 3 LINEAR ACCELERATOR 1 4 NARROW VERSUS BROAD BEAM GEOMETRY PHOTON AND ELECTRON TREATMENT MODES 1 6 ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF X-RAY POPULATION 1 7 MONITOR UNITS 1 8 RADIATION YIELD 1 9 TARGET 1 10 LINEAR ACCELERATOR DOSE RATE 1 11 MAGNETRON VERSUS KLYSTRON 1 12 KLYSTRON 1 13 WAVEGUIDE 1 14 LINEAR ACCELERATOR BEAM ENERGY ? CONTENTS 1 15 ENERGY SWITCH 1 16 MULTILEAF COLLIMATORS CHAPTER 2 ? PHOTON BEAM PHYSICS 2 1 INTERACTIONS OF X-R AY WITH MATTER (1) 2 2 INTERACTIONS OF X-R AY WITH MATTER (2) 2 3 INTERACTIONS OF X-R AY WITH MATTER (3) 2 4 BREMSSTRAHLUNG X-R AY 2 5 INVERSE SQUARE LAW 2 6 DEFINITION OF PERCENTAGE DEPTH DOSE, TISSUE PHANTOM RATIO AND TISSUE MAXIMUM RATIO 2 7 PERCENTAGE DEPTH DOSE 2 8 HORNS OF A PROFILE 2 9 BEAM PROFILE 2 10 BEAM ASYMMETRY 2 11 FLATTENING FILTER-FR EE BEAM PROFILE 2 12 MAYNEORD FACTOR 2 13 OUTPUT FACTOR 2 14 PDD AND SURFACE DOSE 2 15 DYNAMIC WEDGE CHAPTER 3 ? ELECTRON BEAM PHYSICS 3 2 STOPPING POWERS FOR ELECTRONS 3 3 ELECTRON BEAM ISODOSES 3 4 ELECTRON BEAM DEPTH DOSE CURVE 3 5 ELECTRON RADIOTHERAPY WITH BOLUS 3 6 ELECTRON BEAM ENERGY SPECIFICATION 3 7 BREMSSTRAHLUNG CONTAMINATION CONTENTS ? 3 8 ELECTRON BEAM SHAPING 3 9 ELECTRON CUT-OUT 3 10 ISODOSE CURVE CHAPTER 4 ? TREATMENT PLANNING FOR EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY 4 1 TARGET VOLUMES AND MARGINS (1) 4 2 TARGET VOLUMES AND MARGINS (2) 4 3 CT NUMBER CALIBRATION (1) 4 4 CT NUMBER CALIBRATION (2) 4 5 MU CALCULATION (1) 4 6 MU CALCULATION (2) 4 7 ISODOSE CURVE 4 8 WEDGE (1) 4 9 WEDGE (2) 4 10 EFFECTIVE DEPTH CALCULATION 4 11 ICRU CRITERIA (1) 4 12 ICRU CRITERIA (2) 4 13 BREAST TREATMENT PLAN 4 14 RADIOTHERAPY OF PATIENT WITH IMPLANT 4 15 BOLUS VERSUS COMPENSATING FILTER 4 16 SKIN CANCER TREATMENT ON THE NOSE CHAPTER 5 ? RADIATION DOSIMETRY 5 1 BRAGG-GRAY CAVITY THEORY 5 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL DOSIMETERS 5 3 PROPERTIES OF CYLINDRICAL IONISATION CHAMBERS 5 4 IONISATION CHAMBERS FOR ELECTRON BEAM DOSIMETRY ? CONTENTS 5 5 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF AN IONISATION CHAMBER 5 6 GEIGER-MULLER (GM) COUNTER 5 7 DIODES 5 8 RADIOCHROMIC FILM DOSIMETRY 5 9 REFERENCE DOSIMETRY 5 10 PHANTOM MATERIALS 5 11 IAEA TRS398 DOSE CALIBRATION (1) 5 12 IAEA TRS398 DOSE CALIBRATION (2) 5 13 BEAM QUALITY CORRECTION FACTOR 5 14 IONISATION CHAMBER PERTURBATION CORRECTION FACTOR 5 15 DETECTOR ARRAYS 5 16 SMALL-FIELD DOSIMETRY CHAPTER 6 ? SPECIAL PROCEDURES AND ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN RADIOTHERAPY 6 1 TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION 6 2 INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY 6 3 TOTAL SKIN ELECTRONS 6 4 IMAGE-GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY 6 5 STEREOTACTIC ABLATIVE BODY RADIOTHERAPY 6 6 PROTON THERAPY 6 7 SURFACE-GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY 6 8 BREATHING CONTROL IN RADIOTHERAPY CONTENTS ? CHAPTER 7 ? EXTERNAL BEAM COMMISSIONING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 7 1 ACCEPTANCE TESTING, COMMISSIONING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 7 2 COMMISSIONING OF A CT SIMULATOR 7 3 ABSORBED DOSE CALIBRATION 7 4 MONTHLY QA PROGRAMME ON A LINEAR ACCELERATOR 7 5 LINEAR ACCELERATOR DOSE OUTPUT CHECKS 7 6 BEAM FLATNESS 7 7 BEAM SYMMETRY 7 8 BEAM FLATNESS AND SYMMETRY MEASUREMENT 7 9 HVL FOR KV BEAM 7 10 COMMISSIONING OF PATIENT IMMOBILISATION DEVICES 7 11 COMMISSIONING OF A NEW X-RAY BEAM DOSE CALCULATION ALGORITHM 7 12 COMMISSIONING 2D/3D DETECTOR ARRAY 7 13 QUALITY ASSURANCE OF IMRT/VMAT PLANS 7 14 CHECK OF THE COLLIMATOR CROSS-HAIR WALKOUT 7 15 CHECK OF THE GANTRY ANGLE READOUT 7 16 LINEAR ACCELERATOR LASER CHECKS 7 17 COINCIDENCE OF LIGHT FIELD WITH RADIATION FIELD 7 18 TESTING OF THE ISOCENTRE OF THE PLANAR KILOVOLTAGE IMAGING SYSTEM ? CONTENTS 7 19 SAFETY CHECKS ON LINEAR ACCELERATOR 7 20 RECORD AND VERIFY SYSTEM CHAPTER 8 ? BRACHYTHERAPY TREATMENT AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 8 1 RADIONUCLIDES FOR BRACHYTHERAPY 8 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-D OSE RATE AND HIGH-DOSE RATE BRACHYTHERAPY 8 3 SEALED VERSUS UNSEALED SOURCES 8 4 HDR REMOTE AFTERLOADING 8 5 SOURCE ENCAPSULATION 8 6 IR-1 92 AS BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCE 8 7 SOURCE DECAY (1) 8 8 SOURCE DECAY (2) 8 9 MANCHESTER SYSTEM FOR CERVIX BRACHYTHERAPY 8 10 IMAGING FOR CERVIX BRACHYTHERAPY 8 11 INTERSTITIAL BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCES (1) SOURCES (2) 8 14 AAPM TG43 DOSE FORMALISM 8 15 HDR BRACHYTHERAPY QA CHECKS CHAPTER 9 ? BASIC RADIOBIOLOGY 9 1 RADIATION EFFECTS (1) 9 2 RADIATION EFFECTS (2) 9 3 EARLY VERSUS LATE RESPONDING TISSUE SERIAL VERSUS PARALLEL ORGANS HEALTH RISK MODELS FROM RADIATION EXPOSURE DIRECT ACTION VERSUS INDIRECT ACTION OF RADIATION CELL SURVIVAL CURVE CELL DAMAGE ?/? RATIO RE-OXYGENATION TCP/NTCP LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER FRACTIONATION (1) FRACTIONATION (2) TREATMENT INTERRUPTION CHAPTER 10 ? RADIATION PROTECTION AND SAFETY IN RADIOTHERAPY DOSE QUANTITIES IN RADIATION PROTECTION RADIATION SAFETY PRINCIPLES IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY METHODS OF RADIATION PROTECTION PREGNANT PATIENT CONTROLLED AND SUPERVISED AREA EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EXPOSURE RADIATION SOURCES FROM THE LINEAR ACCELERATOR NEUTRON SHIELDING SHIELDING BARRIER 10 10 RADIOTHERAPY BUNKER MATERIALS ? CONTENTS 10 11 DOSE LIMITS 10 12 RADIATION INCIDENT 10 13 DEVELOPMENT OF A RADIATION MANAGEMENT PLAN C H A P T E R BEAM THE PHYSICS OF RADIATION THERAPY EXTERNAL BEAM THERAPY EQUIPMENT ?