OUTLINES OF APPLIED OPTICS
1 Orders of Magnitude in Optics 1 11 Main Applications of Electromagnetic Waves 1 12 Wave-Particle Duality 5 13 What Is a Wave? 6 14 Electric Dipole Radiation 13 15 Light Detectors 21 16 Interference, Diffraction 33 17 Photometry 41 18 Perception and Reproduction of Colors 52 2 Electromagnetic Waves 57 21 Mathematical Formulation of Electromagnetism 57 22 The Different Kinds of Waves 61 23 Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations for Harmonic Planar Waves 65 24 Structure of an Electromagnetic Planar Wave 70 25 General Harmonic Waves 73 26 Spherical Waves 77 3 Geometrical Optics 91 31 Geometrical Propagation of Light 91 32 Fermat’s Principle 94 33 Formation of Images 102 34 Thin Lenses 105 35 Centered Systems Under Gauss Conditions 112 Annex 3A Thin Lenses 126 3A1 Lens Considered as a Prism Having a Variable Angle 126 3A2 Lens Considered as a Phase Correcting Device 127 3A3 Matrices for the Association of Thin Lenses 127 Annex 3B Optical Prisms 131 3B1 Definition and Description of Optical Prisms 131 3B2 Light Propagation Inside a Prism 131 3B3 Reflecting Prisms 134 Annex 3C Gradient Index Devices—Light Optics and Electron Optics 136 3C1 The Eikonal Equation 137 3C2 Differential Equation of Light Rays 138 3C3 Centered Optical System with a Nonconstant Index of Refraction 142 3C4 Optics of Charged Particle Beams 146 4 Polarized Light—Laws of Reflection 149 41 Light Vibration Is a Vector 149 42 Analyzers—Polarizers 152 43 Reflection—Refraction 155 Annex 4A TE Modes—TM Modes 174 4A1 Scalar Nature of Two-Dimensional Electromagnetic Problems 174 Annex 4B Determination of an Unknown Polarization 176 5 Birefringence 179 51 Double Refraction 179 52 Permittivity Tensor 180 53 Planar Waves Obeying Maxwell’s Equations in an Anisotropic Material 183 54 Constructions of the Refracted Beams 188 55 Aspect of the Surfaces of the Indices and the Inverse of the Indices 193 56 Circular Birefringence 198 57 Induced Birefringence 203 Annex 5A Ray Tracing in Uniaxial Media 225 5A1 Construction of the Refracted Beam on an Isotropic/Uniaxial Interface 225 5A2 Refraction of a Monochromatic Beam by a Birefringent Prism 227 5A3 Separation of Extraordinary Rays from Ordinary Rays by a Birefringent Plate 229 5A4 Realization of Polarizers 230 5A5 Birefringence and Dispersion 232 Annex 5B Characteristic Surfaces in Anisotropic Media 233 5B1 Fresnel Formulas in Anisotropic Media 233 5B2 Surface of the Normals (or Surface of the Indices) 234 5B3 Wave Surface (or Surface of the Inverse of the Indices) 235 5B4 Index Ellipsoid 237 Annex 5C Interference Using Polarized Light Beams Wave Plates 240 5C1 Orthogonally Polarized Beams Are Unable to Interfere 240 5C2 Interference Using Polarized Monochromatic Light Beams 241 5C3 Wave Plates 242 5C4 Interference with Polarized White Beams 247 Annexe 5D Liquid Crystals 250 5D1 Introduction 250 5D2 Physical-Chemistry of Liquid Crystals 250 5D3 Orientation of Molecules in a Nematic Phase 252 5D4 Liquid Crystal Display 254 5D5 Light Valve 257 6 Interference 259 61 Wave Front Division Interferometers 259 62 Amplitude Splitting Interferometers 265 63 Dual-Beam Interference 274 64 The Fabry-Perot Interferometer 278 65 Interference Using Stacks of Thin Transparent Layers 289 7 Diffraction 299 71 The Huygens-Fresnel Postulate 299 72 Fraunhofer Diffraction 308 73 Fresnel Diffraction 318 74 Diffraction Gratings 322 75 Holography 333 76 Diffraction and Image Processing 342 8 Index of Refraction 351 81 Physical Mechanisms Involved with Propagation in a Transparent Material 352 82 Determination of the Index of Refraction 353 83 The Index of Refraction Is a Complex Number 359 84 Index of Refraction and Populations of the Energy Levels of a Transition 364 Annex 8A Electric Dipolar Radiation 366 8A1 Definition of an Oscillating Dipole 366 8A2 Electric and Magnetic Fields Created by a Dipole 366 8A3 Power Radiated by an Oscillating Dipole 369 8A4 Field Radiated by a Planar Distribution of Oscillating Dipoles 373 Annex 8B The Kramers-Krönig Formula 375 8B1 Demonstration of the Kramers-Krönig Formula 375 8B2 Normal Dispersion 377 9 Lasers 379 91 Laser, a Feedback Oscillator 379 92 Optical Amplification 389 93 How to Obtain an Inversion of Population 412 94 The Fabry-Perot Resonator 417 95 Spectral Characteristics of Light Emitted by a Laser 426 96 Laser Transient Effects 432 97 Originality of Laser Light 439 Annex 9A Light-Semiconductor Interaction 441 9A1 Energy Levels in a Semiconductor 441 9A2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Effects in a Semiconductor 443 9A3 The Bernard-Duraffourg Formula, Inversion of Population 444 Annex 9B Spectral Width of a Laser Oscillation 447 10 Nonlinear Optics 449 101 Microscopic Interpretation of a Nonlinear Optical Interaction 451 102 Phase Matching Condition 452 103 Nonlinear Polarization 456 104 Equations of Propagation in a Nonlinear Material 460 105 Third-Order Nonlinear Phenomena 470 11 Raman-Brillouin-Rayleigh Diffusion 479 111 Raman, Brillouin, Rayleigh, and Mie Scattering 479 112 Experimental Introduction to the Raman Effect 481 113 Theoretical Analysis of the Raman Effect 487 114 Brillouin Diffusion 500 Annex 11A Diffusion of Light by a Scattered Medium 512 12 Guided Optics 517 121 Introduction 518 122 Propagation in a Step Index Planar Guide 522 123 Optical Fibers 536 Annex 12A Splitters and Couplers 543 12A1 The Y-Junction 543 12A2 Distributed Couplers 544 12A3 Coupled Mode Theory 546 Annex 12B Attenuation of Silica Fibers 553 Annex 12C Elaboration of Optical Guides 555 12C1 Optical Fibers 555 12C2 Integrated Optics 560 13 Fourier Analysis and Fourier Transform 567 131 Fourier Series 567 132 Fourier Integrals and Fourier Transform 568 133 Some Important Properties of the Fourier Transform 569 134 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform 571 135 Some Famous Fourier Transforms 571 136 Wave Packet 575