INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF LANDSLIDES
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEMS LANDSLIDES: AN OVERVIEW WHAT IS A LANDSLIDE? LANDSLIDES AS A GEOLOGICAL HAZARD LANDSLIDES AS A GEOMORPHIC DRIVING FORCE PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF LANDSLIDES TYPES OF LANDSLIDES GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A LANDSLIDE DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVEN TYPES OF MOVEMENTS A PHYSICAL CLASSI?CATION OF GRAVITY MASS FLOWS RHEOLOGICAL FLOWS (COHESIVE) (!CHAP 4) GRANULAR FLOWS (FRICTIONAL) (!CHAP 6) ROCK FALLS AND TOPPLES SLOW LANDSLIDES AND CREEP OTHER GRAVITY MASS FLOWS SIMILAR TO LANDSLIDES FRICTION, COHESION, AND SLOPE STABILITY FRICTION AND COHESION NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESSES FRICTION COHESION SLOPE STABILITY A FEW WORDS ON SLOPE STABILITY AN EXAMPLE: LAYERED SLOPE A FEW BASICS CONCEPTS OF SOIL MECHANICS AND AN APPLICATION TO SLUMPS OTHER FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO INSTABILITY INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS INTRODUCTION WHAT IS A FLUID? FLUID STATIC ISOTROPY OF PRESSURE PRESSURE INCREASE WITH DEPTH PRESSURE EXERTED BY A SUSPENSION: TOTAL PRESSURE AND WATER PRESSURE FORCE EXERTED ON A DAM BY WATER IN A RESERVOIR SIMPLE TREATMENT OF SOME TOPICS IN FLUID DYNAMICS FLUID FLOW (KEY CONCEPT: VELOCITY FIELD, STREAMLINES, STREAMTUBES) FLUID FLOW IN A PIPE WITH A CONSTRICTION (KEY CONCEPTS: CONTINUITY, INCOMPRESSIBILITY) LIFT FORCE ON A HALF-CYLINDER (KEY CONCEPT: ENERGY CONSERVATION AND THE BERNOULLI EQUATION) FLOW OF A PLATE ON A VISCOUS FLUID (KEY CONCEPTS: NO-SLIP CONDITION, VISCOSITY, NEWTONIAN FLUIDS) FLUID PATTERN AROUND A CYLINDER (KEY CONCEPTS: REYNOLDS NUMBER, TURBULENCE) MICROSCOPIC MODEL OF A FLUID AND MASS CONSERVATION THE PRESSURE IN A GAS IS DUE TO THE IMPACT OF MOLECULES VISCOSITY CONSERVATION OF MASS: THE CONTINUITY EQUATION FLUX CONTINUITY EQUATION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES A MORE RIGOROUS APPROACH TO FLUID MECHANICS: MOMENTUM AND NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION LAGRANGIAN AND EULERIAN VIEWPOINTS MOMENTUM EQUATION ANALYSIS OF THE FORCES: THE MOMENTUM EQUATION ADDING UP THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES: THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION SOME APPLICATIONS DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS IN FLUID DYNAMICS APPLICATION TO OPEN FLOW OF IN?NITE WIDTH CHANNEL NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS, MUD?OWS, AND DEBRIS FLOWS: A RHEOLOGICAL APPROACH MOMENTUM EQUATIONS, RHEOLOGY, AND FLUID FLOW DIRTY WATER: THE RHEOLOGY OF DILUTE SUSPENSIONS VERY DIRTY WATER: RHEOLOGY OF CLAY SLURRIES AND MUDS CLAY MIXTURES INTERACTION BETWEEN CLAY PARTICLES RHEOLOGY OF CLAY MIXTURES AND OTHER FLUIDS BINGHAM AND HERSCHEL-BULKLEY SHEAR STRENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF THE SOLID CONCENTRATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL PROPERTIES AND FLUID DYNAMICS PROPERTIES BEHAVIOR OF A MUD?OW DESCRIBED BY BINGHAM RHEOLOGY: ONE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM FLOW OF A BINGHAM FLUID IN A CHANNEL CALCULATION FOR A CYLINDRICAL CHANNEL TRIANGULAR CHANNEL RHEOLOGICAL FLOWS: GENERAL PROPERTIES GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS OF RHEOLOGICAL FLOWS STRUCTURE OF A DEBRIS FLOW CHUTE AND DEPOSIT EXAMPLES OF RHEOLOGICAL FLOWS DEBRIS FLOWS: DYNAMICS VELOCITY DYNAMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A DEBRIS FLOW IMPACT FORCE OF A DEBRIS FLOW AGAINST A BARRIER QUASI-PERIODICITY THEORETICAL AND SEMIEMPIRICAL FORMULAS TO PREDICT THE VELOCITY A SHORT INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF GRANULAR MEDIA INTRODUCTION TO GRANULAR MATERIALS SOLID MECHANICS: HOOKE’S LAW, POISSON COEF?CIENTS, ELASTICITY ANGLE OF REPOSE FORCE BETWEEN GRAINS STATIC OF GRANULAR MATERIALS PRESSURES INSIDE A CONTAINER FILLED WITH GRANULAR MATERIAL FORCE CHAINS GRAIN COLLISIONS GRAIN-WALL COLLISIONS GRAIN–GRAIN COLLISIONS DYNAMICS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS: AVALANCHING GENERAL DYNAMICS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS AT HIGH SHEAR RATE: GRANULAR GASES AND GRANULAR TEMPERATURE HAFF’S EQUATION FLUID DYNAMICAL MODEL OF A GRANULAR FLOW DISPERSIVE STRESSES AND THE BRAZIL NUTS EFFECT DISPERSIVE PRESSURE BRAZIL NUTS AND INVERSE GRADING GRANULAR FLOWS AND ROCK AVALANCHES ROCK AVALANCHES: AN INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL NOTE EXAMPLES OF ROCK AVALANCHES: A QUICK GLANCE THE VOLUMES OF ROCK AVALANCHES ROCK AVALANCHE SCARS AND DEPOSITS ROCK AVALANCHE DEPOSITS: LARGE-SCALE FEATURES ROCK AVALANCHE DEPOSITS: INTERMEDIATE-SCALE FEATURES ROCK AVALANCHE DEPOSITS: SOME SMALL-SCALE FEATURES DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCK AVALANCHES AND STAGES OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT VELOCITY OF A ROCK AVALANCHE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A ROCK AVALANCHE SIMPLE LUMPED MASS AND SLAB MODELS FOR ROCK AVALANCHES A SIMPLE MODEL OF LANDSLIDE MOVEMENT USE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION (1): RUNOUT OF A COULOMB FRICTIONAL SLIDING BODY USE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION (2): CALCULATION OF THE VELOCITY WITH ARBITRARY SLOPE PATH A SLAB MODEL APPLICATION OF THE MODELS TO REAL CASE STUDIES ELM THE LANDSLIDES OF NOVAYA ZEMLIA TEST SITE THE FAHRBO¨SCHUNG OF A ROCK AVALANCHE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CENTRE OF MASS OF THE LANDSLIDE DISTRIBUTION FAHRBO¨SCHUNG OF A ROCK AVALANCHE HOW DOES A ROCK AVALANCHE TRAVEL? SHEAR LAYER AS AN ENSEMBLE OF HIGH-SPEED PARTICLES THE PROBLEM OF THE ANOMALOUS MOBILITY OF LARGE ROCK AVALANCHES STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A LIST OF POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS EXPLANATIONS THAT DO NOT REQUIRE LIQUID OR GASEOUS PHASES EXPLANATION OF THE ANOMALOUS MOBILITY OF ROCK AVALANCHES INVOKING EXOTIC MECHANISMS AND NEW PHASES FRICTIONITES, FRICTIONAL GOUGE, THERMAL EFFECTS, AND BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS AT HIGH SHEAR RATES FRICTIONITE, MELT LUBRICATION, AND THE KOFELS LANDSLIDE VAPOR OR GAS AT HIGH PRESSURE LANDSLIDES IN PECULIAR ENVIRONMENTS LANDSLIDES FALLING INTO WATER RESERVOIRS GENERAL CLASSI?CATION LIMIT C1 (MASS OF THE LANDSLIDE MUCH GREATER THAN THE WATER MASS) MASS OF THE LANDSLIDE COMPARABLE TO THE WATER MASS, C1 COASTAL LANDSLIDES AND LANDSLIDES FALLING ONTO LARGE WATER BASINS, C1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS LITUYA BAY LANDSLIDES PROPAGATING RETROGRESSIVELY FROM THE SEA TO LAND LANDSLIDES FALLING ON A TIDAL FLAT GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF THE TSUNAMI IN LAKES AND FJORDS LANDSLIDES TRAVELING ON GLACIERS DYNAMICS OF LANDSLIDES TRAVELING ON GLACIERS LANDSLIDES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM LANDSLIDES ON PLANETS AND SATELLITES, EXCEPT MARS LANDSLIDES ON MARS ROCKFALLS, TALUS FORMATION, AND HILLSLOPE EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEMS AND EXAMPLES PHYSICAL PROCESSES DURING A ROCK FALL SIMPLE MODELS OF A SIMPLE OBJECT FALLING DOWN A SLOPE SIMPLE MODELS OF ROLLING, BOUNCING, GLIDING, AND FALLING SIMPLE ROCKFALL MODELS A SIMPLE LUMPED MASS MODEL THE CRSP MODEL THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROGRAMS THE IMPACT WITH THE TERRAIN THE PHYSICAL PROCESS OF IMPACT AGAINST HARD AND SOFT GROUND COEF?CIENTS OF RESTITUTION AND FRICTION BLOCK DISINTEGRATION AND EXTREMELY ENERGETIC ROCKFALLS TALUS FORMATION AND EVOLUTION KINDS OF TALUS AND THEIR STRUCTURE PHYSICAL PROCESSES ON TOP OF TALUSES TOPPLE SUBAQUEOUS LANDSLIDES INTRODUCTION AND EXAMPLES SOME EXAMPLES IN BRIEF PECULIARITIES OF SUBAQUEOUS LANDSLIDES TYPES OF SUBAQUEOUS LANDSLIDES DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBAERIAL AND SUBAQUEOUS LANDSLIDES THE H/R-VOLUME DIAGRAM FOR SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES TRIGGERING OF SUBAQUEOUS LANDSLIDES (ESPECIALLY SUBMARINE) FORCES ON A BODY MOVING IN A FLUID DRAG FORCE SKIN FRICTION ADDED MASS COEF?CIENT BLOCK MODEL FOR SUBAQUEOUS LANDSLIDES EQUATION OF MOTION FOR THE BLOCK APPLICATION OF THE BLOCK MODEL TO IDEAL CASES TSUNAMIS PROPAGATION OF TSUNAMI WAVES IN THE OCEAN TSUNAMIS GENERATED BY SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES MORE DYNAMICAL PROBLEMS OUTRUNNER BLOCKS DEBRIS FLOWS THEORIES FOR THE MOBILITY OF SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES OTHER FORMS OF GRAVITY MASS FLOWS WITH POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS EFFECTS 101 LAVA STREAMS 102 ICE AVALANCHES 1021 FALL OF AN ICE AVALANCHE 1022 STABILITY CONDITION OF AN ICE AVALANCHE CATASTROPHIC FLOOD WAVES SNOW AVALANCHES SLOW LANDSLIDES AND SOIL CREEP SACKUNGS AND LATERAL SPREADS SOIL CREEP AND OTHER SUPER?CIAL MASS MOVEMENTS SUSPENSION FLOWS: TURBIDITES AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS, AND RELATIONSHIP WITH SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES TURBIDITIC BASINS ANCIENT TURBIDITES FLOW OF A TURBIDITY CURRENT REFERENCES