THERMODYNAMICS: FUNDAMENTALS FOR APPLICATIONS
CONTENTS 0 INTRODUCTION, 0 1 NATURAL PHENOMENA, 0 2 THERMODYNAMICS, SCIENCE, AND ENGINEERING, 0 3 WHY THERMODYNAMICS IS CHALLENGING, 0 4 THE ROLE OF THERMODYNAMIC MODELING, LITERATURE CITED, PART I THE BASICS, 1 PRIMITIVES, 1 1 PRIMITIVE THINGS, 1 2 PRIMITIVE QUANTITIES, 1 3 PRIMITIVE CHANGES, 1 4 PRIMITIVE ANALYSES, 1 5 SUMMARY, PROBLEMS, 2 THE FIRST AND SECOND LAWS, 2 1 WORK, 2 2 THE FIRST LAW, 2 3 THE SECOND LAW, 2 4 THERMODYNAMIC STUFF EQUATIONS, 2 5 SUMMARY, 3 FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS, 3 1 STATE OF SINGLE HOMOGENEOUS PHASES, 3 2 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS, 3 3 RESPONSE TO A CHANGE IN T, P, OR V, 3 4 RESPONSE TO A CHANGE IN MOLE NUMBER, 3 5 DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN CONCEPTUALS AND MEASURABLES, 3 6 GENERALIZED STUFF EQUATIONS, 3 7 GENERAL EXPRESSIONS FOR HEAT AND WORK, 3 8 SUMMARY, PART II SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS, 4 PROPERTIES RELATIVE TO IDEAL GASES, 4 1 IDEAL GASES, 4 2 DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL GASES: DIFFERENCE MEASURES, 4 3 DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL GASES: RATIO MEASURES, 4 4 CONCEPTUALS FROM MEASURABLES USING EQUATIONS OF STATE, 4 5 SIMPLE MODELS FOR EQUATIONS OF STATE, 4 6 SUMMARY, 5 PROPERTIES RELATIVE TO IDEAL SOLUTIONS, 5 1 IDEAL SOLUTIONS, 5 2 DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL SOLUTIONS: DIFFERENCE MEASURES, 5 3 EXCESS PROPERTIES FROM RESIDUAL PROPERTIES, 5 4 DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL SOLUTIONS: RATIO MEASURES, 5 5 ACTIVITY COEF?CIENTS FROM FUGACITY COEF?CIENTS, 5 6 SIMPLE MODELS FOR NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS, 5 7 SUMMARY, 6 RELATIONS AMONG RELATIONS, 6 1 EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL CONSTRAINTS ON SYSTEM STATES, 6 2 SYMMETRY IN ROUTES TO CONCEPTUALS, 6 3 PHYSICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF SELECTED CONCEPTUALS, 6 4 FIVE FAMOUS FUGACITY FORMULAE, 6 5 MIXING RULES FROM MODELS FOR EXCESS GIBBS ENERGY, 6 6 SUMMARY, PART III MULTIPHASE AND REACTING SYSTEMS, 7 TRANSFERS, TRANSFORMATIONS, AND EQUILIBRIA, 7 1 THE LAWS FOR CLOSED NONREACTING SYSTEMS, 7 2 THE LAWS FOR OPEN NONREACTING SYSTEMS, 7 3 CRITERIA FOR PHASE EQUILIBRIUM, 7 4 THE LAWS FOR CLOSED REACTING SYSTEMS, 7 5 THE LAWS FOR OPEN REACTING SYSTEMS, 7 6 CRITERIA FOR REACTION EQUILIBRIUM, 7 7 SUMMARY, 8 CRITERIA FOR OBSERVABILITY, 8 1 PHASE STABILITY IN CLOSED SYSTEMS, 8 2 PURE SUBSTANCES, 8 3 PHASE STABILITY IN OPEN SYSTEMS, 8 4 FLUID MIXTURES, 8 5 SUMMARY, 9 PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR REAL SYSTEMS, 9 1 THERMODYNAMIC STATE FOR MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS, 9 2 PURE SUBSTANCES, 9 3 BINARY MIXTURES OF FLUIDS AT LOW PRESSURES, 9 4 BINARY MIXTURES CONTAINING SOLIDS, 9 5 BINARY MIXTURES OF FLUIDS AT HIGH PRESSURES, 9 6 TERNARY MIXTURES, 9 7 SUMMARY, PART IV ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS, 10 OPTIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS, 10 1 BASIC PHASE-EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS, 10 2 CHOICES FOR STANDARD STATES IN GAMMA METHODS, 10 3 BASIC REACTION-EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS, 10 4 PRELIMINARIES TO REACTION-EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS, 10 5 CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE FORM IN APPLICATIONS, 11 ELEMENTARY COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES, 11 1 PHASE-EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS, 11 2 ONE-PHASE REACTION-EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS, 11 3 MULTIPHASE REACTION-EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS, 11 4 SUMMARY, 12 SELECTED APPLICATIONS, 12 1 PHASE EQUILIBRIA, 12 2 SOLUBILITIES, 12 3 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IN STEADY-FLOW PROCESSES, 12 4 HEAT EFFECTS IN STEADY-FLOW PROCESSES, 12 5 RESPONSE OF SELECTED PROPERTIES, 12 6 SUMMARY,