ELEMENTARY THERMODYNAMICS
CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS UNITS EARTH, WEIGHT AND MASS SYSTEMS AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTRAINTS INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE QUANTITIES SYSTEM BOUNDARIES THERMODYNAMICS AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE NOTES NOTATION AND ABBREVIATIONS PROBLEMS GASES IDEAL GAS BASICS DISTRIBUTION OF VELOCITIES FLUX OF MOLECULES STRIKING A WALL MOLES, ETC DALTON’S LAW THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE WORK HEATING A SYSTEM IDEAL GAS RESULTS ENTHALPY STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FUSION AND VAPORIZATION THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ENTROPY SYSTEMS AND REVERSIBILITY ADDITIVITY OF ENTROPY EXTREMUM PRINCIPLE ENTROPY SUMMARY CRITERIA FOR EQUILIBRIUM GIBBS ENERGY MULTIPLE COMPONENTS AIR AND WATER VAPOR PRESSURE SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION MULTIPLE PHASE SYSTEMS PHASE BOUNDARIES CLAUSIUS–CLAPEYRON EQUATION INTEGRATION OF THE CLAUSIUS–CLAPEYRON EQUATION MIXING AIR AND WATER WET-BULB TEMPERATURE, LCL 5 10 EQUILIBRIUM VAPOR PRESSURE OVER A CURVED SURFACE 5 11 ISOBARIC MIXING OF AIR PARCELS PRO?LES OF THE ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE VERSUS HEIGHT SLOPE OF THE DRY ADIABAT GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT AND THICKNESS ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE STABILITY VERTICAL OSCILLATIONS WHERE IS THE LCL? SLOPE OF A MOIST ADIABAT LIFTING MOIST AIR 6 10 MOIST STATIC ENERGY 6 11 PRO?LES OF WELL-MIXED LAYERS THERMODYNAMIC CHARTS AREAS AND ENERGY SKEW T DIAGRAM CHART EXERCISES STABILITY PROBLEM: EXAMPLE SOUNDING CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY (CAPE) THERMOCHEMISTRY STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FORMATION PHOTOCHEMISTRY GIBBS ENERGY FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS ELEMENTARY KINETICS EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT SOLUTIONS THE THERMODYNAMIC EQUATION SCALAR AND VECTOR ?ELDS PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE SURFACE INTEGRALS AND ?UX CONDUCTION OF HEAT TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIVERGENCE THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIVERGENCE DIVERGENCE THEOREM CONTINUITY EQUATION MATERIAL DERIVATIVE 9 10 THERMODYNAMIC EQUATION 9 11 POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE FORM 9 12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO DQM/DT