PHYSICAL DETERMINATIONS: PRACTICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN PHYSICS
CONTENTS PART I MEASUREMENTS AND UNCERTAINTY PHYSICAL QUANTITIES METHODS OF OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT MEASUREMENT TIME DEPENDENCE OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES COUNTING OF RANDOM EVENTS OPERATIVE DE?NITION OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD MEASUREMENT UNITS BASE AND DERIVED QUANTITIES MEASUREMENT STANDARDS THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) OTHER SYSTEMS OF UNITS DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS PROBLEMS MEASURING INSTRUMENTS FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS CLASSI?CATIONS OF INSTRUMENTS STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENTS ACCURACY OF AN INSTRUMENT DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR OF INSTRUMENTS COUNTERS UNCERTAINTY IN DIRECT MEASUREMENTS CAUSES OF UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT RESOLUTION RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS SYSTEMATIC ERRORS SUMMARY AND COMPARISONS PART II PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS BASIC PROBABILITY CONCEPTS RANDOM PHENOMENA SAMPLE SPACE EVENTS PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION OF EVENTS PROBABILITY OF THE SUM OF EVENTS PROBABILITY OF THE PRODUCT OF EVENTS COMBINATORIAL CALCULUS DISTRIBUTIONS OF RANDOM VARIABLES BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION RANDOM VARIABLES AND DISTRIBUTION LAWS NUMERICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTRIBUTIONS POISSON DISTRIBUTION NORMAL DISTRIBUTION MEANING OF THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION THE CAUCHY–LORENTZ DISTRIBUTION MULTIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS STATISTICAL TOOLS PARENT AND SAMPLE POPULATIONS SAMPLE MEANS AND SAMPLE VARIANCES ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS PART III DATA ANALYSIS UNCERTAINTY IN INDIRECT MEASUREMENTS INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM INDEPENDENT QUANTITIES, LINEAR FUNCTIONS INDEPENDENT QUANTITIES, NONLINEAR FUNCTIONS NONINDEPENDENT QUANTITIES SUMMARY CON?DENCE LEVELS PROBABILITY AND CON?DENCE THE STUDENT DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS OF THE CON?DENCE LEVEL CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES 10 1 RELATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL QUANTITIES 10 2 LINEAR CORRELATION COE?CIENT 10 3 LINEAR RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO QUANTITIES 10 4 THE LEAST SQUARES METHOD THE CHI SQUARE TEST 11 1 MEANING OF THE CHI SQUARE TEST 11 2 DE?NITION OF CHI SQUARE 11 3 THE CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION 11 4 INTERPRETATION OF THE CHI SQUARE