PHYSICAL ACOUSTICS: PRINCIPLES AND METHODS

By PATRICIA HERNANDEZ

CONTENTS 1 REVIEW OF WAVE DYNAMICS 11 OSCILLATION AND WAVE 111 SPRING–MASS SYSTEMS 112 FREQUENCY DOMAIN EXPRESSION 113 OSCILLATION TO WAVE 114 SOUND WAVE 12 WAVE EQUATION AND SOLUTION 19 121 COMPRESSIVE WAVE EQUATION AND SOLUTION 122 STANDING WAVE AND TRAVELING WAVE 123 THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION WAVE EQUATION 124 TRANSVERSE MECHANICAL WAVE 13 RESONANCE 131 RESONANCE IN HARMONIC OSCILLATIONS 132 RESONANCE IN WAVE DYNAMICS 14 BIG PICTURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE REFERENCES 2 LIGHT AS EM WAVE 21 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS 35 211 GAUSS’S LAW 212 ELECTRIC FORCE 213 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY AND POTENTIAL 214 ELECTRIC DIPOLE AND INTERACTION WITH LIGHT 215 AMPÈRE’S LAW WITH MAXWELL’S TERM 216 MAGNETIC FORCE 217 MAGNETIC DIPOLE 218 FARADAY’S LAW AND MAXWELL’S TERM AS LENZ’S LAW 22 WAVE EQUATION AND SOLUTIONS 50 221 WAVE DYNAMICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 222 PICTORIAL EXPLANATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 223 LC OSCILLATION AS A SPRING-LIKE MECHANISM 224 ELECTRIC ENERGY DENSITY 225 MAGNETIC ENERGY DENSITY 226 ALGEBRAIC EXPLANATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 227 PLANE WAVE SOLUTIONS 228 LIGHT WAVE AS A FLOW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY 3 LIGHT PROPAGATION IN MATTER 31 MAXWELL EQUATIONS IN MATTER 67 311 ELECTRIC DIPOLE AND POLARIZATION 312 LINEAR MEDIUM 32 LIGHT–MATTER INTERACTION 71 321 ABSORPTION OF LIGHT AND INDEX OF REFRACTION 322 AMPLITUDE OF LIGHT WAVE 323 PHASE OF LIGHT WAVE 324 PROPAGATION OF POYNTING VECTOR 325 POLARIZATION OF OPTICAL WAVES 33 LIGHT PROPAGATION 88 331 PARAXIAL WAVE APPROXIMATION AND HELMHOLZ EQUATION 332 GAUSSIAN OPTICAL BEAM 333 RAY MATRIX 334 HIGHER ORDER HERMIT-GAUSSIAN MODES 4 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT 41 RE?ECTION AND REFRACTION 107 411 LAWS OF RE?ECTION AND REFRACTION 412 COEF?CIENTS OF RE?ECTION AND REFRACTION 413 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RE?ECTION 42 INTERFERENCE 421 LOW VISIBILITY IN INTERFEROMETRY 422 INTERFERENCE OF MULTIPLE LIGHT RAYS AND SPECKLES 423 UNWANTED INTERFERENCE 43 DISPERSION 431 GROUP VELOCITY 432 NORMAL AND ANOMALOUS DISPERSION 44 DIFFRACTION 441 DIFFRACTION BY A SINGLE SLIT 442 DIFFRACTION BY A CIRCULAR APERTURE AND DIFFRACTION LIMIT 443 DIFFRACTION OF A LASER BEAM CONTENTS 5 LASERS 51 LASER IN A NUTSHELL 52135 ATOMIC PHYSICS 521 ATOMIC SYSTEMS AS A RESONATOR 522 ABSORPTION AND EMISSION 523 OPTICAL ENERGY OF INDUCED TRANSITION 524 OPTICAL GAIN 525 POPULATION INVERSION AND RATE EQUATION 53 OPTICAL RESONATOR 144 531 FABRY-PEROT ETALON 532 PASSIVE RESONATOR 533 ACTIVE RESONATOR