MODERN COSMOLOGY

By WILLIAM RAMIREZ

CONTENTS THE PHYSICS OF THE EARLY UNIVERSE (AN OVERVIEW) THE PHYSICS OF THE EARLY UNIVERSE: AN OVERVIEW THE MIDDLE-AGE COSMOLOGY IN?ATIONARY THEORIES LINKS BETWEEN COSMOLOGY AND PARTICLE PHYSICS BASIC QUESTIONS AND TENTATIVE ANSWERS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF COSMOLOGY ASPECTS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY THE EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE APPLICATIONS OF GRAVITATIONAL TIME DILATION THE ENERGY–MOMENTUM TENSOR RELATIVISTIC ?UID MECHANICS THE ?ELD EQUATIONS NEWTONIAN LIMIT PRESSURE AS A SOURCE OF GRAVITY ENERGY DENSITY OF THE VACUUM THE FRIEDMANN MODELS COSMOLOGICAL COORDINATES THE REDSHIFT DYNAMICS OF THE EXPANSION SOLUTIONS TO THE FRIEDMANN EQUATION HORIZONS OBSERVATIONS IN COSMOLOGY THE MEANING OF AN EXPANDING UNIVERSE IN?ATIONARY COSMOLOGY IN?ATION ?ELD DYNAMICS ENDING IN?ATION RELIC ?UCTUATIONS FROM IN?ATION GRAVITY WAVES AND TILT EVIDENCE FOR VACUUM ENERGY AT LATE TIMES COSMIC COINCIDENCE DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURE FORMATION LINEAR PERTURBATIONS DYNAMICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION THE PECULIAR VELOCITY ?ELD TRANSFER FUNCTIONS THE SPHERICAL MODEL QUANTIFYING LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE FOURIER ANALYSIS OF DENSITY ?UCTUATIONS THE CDM MODEL KARHUNEN–LO`EVE AND ALL THAT PROJECTION ON THE SKY NONLINEAR CLUSTERING: A PROBLEM FOR CDM? REAL-SPACE AND REDSHIFT-SPACE CLUSTERING THE STATE OF THE ART IN LSS GALAXY FORMATION AND BIASED CLUSTERING COSMIC BACKGROUND ?UCTUATIONS THE HOT BIG BANG AND THE MICROWAVE BACKGROUND MECHANISMS FOR PRIMARY ?UCTUATIONS THE TEMPERATURE POWER SPECTRUM LARGE-SCALE ?UCTUATIONS AND CMB POWER SPECTRUM PREDICTIONS OF CMB ANISOTROPIES GEOMETRICAL DEGENERACY SMALL-SCALE DATA AND OUTLOOK REFERENCES COSMOLOGICAL MODELS INTRODUCTION SPACETIME FIELD EQUATIONS MATTER DESCRIPTION COSMOLOGY 1 + 3 COVARIANT DESCRIPTION: VARIABLES AVERAGE 4-VELOCITY OF MATTER KINEMATIC QUANTITIES MATTER TENSOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ?ELD WEYL TENSOR 1 + 3 COVARIANT DESCRIPTION: EQUATIONS ENERGY–MOMENTUM CONSERVATION EQUATIONS RICCI IDENTITIES BIANCHI IDENTITIES IMPLICATIONS SHEAR-FREE DUST TETRAD DESCRIPTION GENERAL TETRAD FORMALISM TETRAD FORMALISM IN COSMOLOGY COMPLETE SET MODELS AND SYMMETRIES SYMMETRIES OF COSMOLOGIES CLASSI?CATION OF COSMOLOGICAL SYMMETRIES FRIEDMANN–LEMAˆITRE MODELS PHASE PLANES AND EVOLUTIONARY PATHS SPATIAL TOPOLOGY GROWTH OF INHOMOGENEITY BIANCHI UNIVERSES (S = 3) CONSTRUCTING BIANCHI UNIVERSES DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS APPROACH ISOTROPIZATION PROPERTIES OBSERVATIONS AND HORIZONS OBSERVATIONAL VARIABLES AND RELATIONS: FL MODELS PARTICLE HORIZONS AND VISUAL HORIZONS SMALL UNIVERSES OBSERVATIONS IN ANISOTROPIC AND INHOMOGENEOUS MODELS PROOF OF ALMOST-FL GEOMETRY IMPORTANCE OF CONSISTENCY CHECKS EXPLAINING HOMOGENEITY AND STRUCTURE SHOWING INITIAL CONDITIONS ARE IRRELEVANT THE EXPLANATION OF INITIAL CONDITIONS THE IRREMOVABLE PROBLEM 3 10 CONCLUSION IN?ATIONARY COSMOLOGY AND CREATION OF MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE BRIEF HISTORY OF IN?ATION CHAOTIC IN?ATION QUANTUM ?UCTUATIONS IN THE IN?ATIONARY UNIVERSE QUANTUM ?UCTUATIONS AND DENSITY PERTURBATIONS FROM THE BIG BANG THEORY TO THE THEORY OF ETERNAL IN?ATION (P)REHEATING AFTER IN?ATION CONCLUSIONS DARK MATTER AND PARTICLE PHYSICS THE SM OF PARTICLE PHYSICS THE HIGGS MECHANISM AND VECTOR BOSON MASSES FERMION MASSES SUCCESSES AND DIF?CULTIES OF THE SM THE DARK MATTER PROBLEM: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE LEPTON NUMBER VIOLATION AND NEUTRINOS AS HDM CANDIDATES EXPERIMENTAL LIMITS ON NEUTRINO MASSES NEUTRINO MASSES IN THE SM AND BEYOND THERMAL HISTORY OF NEUTRINOS HDM AND STRUCTURE FORMATION LOW-ENERGY SUSY AND DM NEUTRALINOS AS THE LSP IN SUSY MODELS NEUTRALINOS IN THE MINIMAL SUPERSYMMETRIC SM THERMAL HISTORY OF NEUTRALINOS AND CDM CDM MODELS AND STRUCTURE FORMATION WARM DARK MATTER THERMAL HISTORY OF LIGHT GRAVITINOS AND WDM MODELS DARK ENERGY, CDM AND XCDM OR QCDM CDM MODELS SCALAR ?ELD COSMOLOGY AND QUINTESSENCE SUPERGRAVITY AND COSMOLOGY M/STRING THEORY AND SUPERGRAVITY SUPERCONFORMAL SYMMETRY, SUPERGRAVITY AND COSMOLOGY GRAVITINO PRODUCTION AFTER IN?ATION SUPER-HIGGS EFFECT IN COSMOLOGY MP ??LIMIT THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND A BRIEF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE PHYSICS OF TEMPERATURE ?UCTUATIONS CAUSES OF TEMPERATURE ?UCTUATIONS A FORMAL DESCRIPTION TIGHT COUPLING FREE-STREAMING DIFFUSION DAMPING THE RESULTING POWER SPECTRUM PHYSICS OF POLARIZATION ?UCTUATIONS STOKES PARAMETERS THOMSON SCATTERING AND THE QUADRUPOLAR SOURCE HARMONIC EXPANSIONS AND POWER SPECTRA ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS AN OSCILLATOR EQUATION INITIAL CONDITIONS COHERENT OSCILLATIONS THE EFFECT OF BARYONS COSMOLOGICAL MODELS AND CONSTRAINTS A SPACE OF MODELS PHYSICAL QUANTITIES POWER SPECTRUM DEGENERACIES IDEALIZED EXPERIMENTS CURRENT CONSTRAINTS AND UPCOMING EXPERIMENTS MODEL-INDEPENDENT COSMOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS FLATNESS COHERENT ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS ADIABATIC PRIMORDIAL PERTURBATIONS GAUSSIAN PRIMORDIAL PERTURBATIONS TENSOR OR VECTOR PERTURBATIONS REIONIZATION REDSHIFT MAGNETIC ?ELDS THE TOPOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSE FINALE: TESTING IN?ATIONARY COSMOLOGY DARK MATTER SEARCH WITH INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES CDM DIRECT DETECTION STATUS OF THE DM PROBLEM NEUTRALINOS THE GALACTIC HALO STRATEGIES FOR WIMP DIRECT DETECTION PHONON-MEDIATED PARTICLE DETECTION BASIC PRINCIPLES THE ENERGY ABSORBER PHONON SENSORS INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES BASED ON PHONON-MEDIATED DEVICES BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DOUBLE READOUT DETECTORS CDMS, EDELWEISS AND CRESST EXPERIMENTS DISCUSSION OF THE CDMS RESULTS OTHER INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES SIGNATURE FOR SIGNALS FROM THE DARK UNIVERSE THE HIGHLY RADIOPURE ?100 KG NAI(TL) SET-UP INVESTIGATION OF THE WIMP ANNUAL MODULATION SIGNATURE RESULTS OF THE MODEL-INDEPENDENT APPROACH MAIN POINTS ON THE INVESTIGATION OF POSSIBLE SYSTEMATICS IN THE NEW DAMA/NAI-3 AND 4 RUNNING PERIODS RESULTS OF A MODEL-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS DAMA ANNUAL MODULATION RESULT VERSUS CDMS EXCLUSION PLOT CONCLUSION 10 NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL OVERVIEW 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 THREE-NEUTRINO MIXING AND OSCILLATIONS 10 3 ANALYSIS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC DATA 10 4 ANALYSIS OF THE SOLAR DATA 10 4 1 TOTAL RATES AND EXPECTATIONS 10 4 2 TWO-?AVOUR OSCILLATIONS IN VACUUM 10 4 3 TWO-?AVOUR OSCILLATIONS IN MATTER 10 4 4 THREE-?AVOUR OSCILLATIONS IN MATTER 10 5 CONCLUSIONS 11 HIGHLIGHTS IN MODERN OBSERVATIONAL COSMOLOGY 11 1 SYNOPSIS 11 2 THE COSMOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 11 2 1 FRIEDMANN COSMOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 11 2 2 OBSERVABLES IN COSMOLOGY 11 2 3 APPLICATIONS 11 3 GALAXY SURVEYS 11 3 1 OVERVIEW 11 3 2 SURVEY STRATEGIES AND SELECTION METHODS 11 3 3 GALAXY COUNTS AND EVOLUTION 11 3 4 COLOUR SELECTION TECHNIQUES 11 3 5 STAR FORMATION HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSE 11 4 CLUSTER SURVEYS 11 4 1 CLUSTERS AS COSMOLOGICAL PROBES 11 4 2 CLUSTER SEARCH METHODS 11 4 3 DETERMINING M AND 12 CLUSTERING IN THE UNIVERSE: FROM HIGHLY NONLINEAR STRUCTURES TO HOMOGENEITY 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 THE CLUSTERING OF GALAXIES 12 3 OUR DISTORTED VIEW OF THE GALAXY DISTRIBUTION 12 4 IS THE UNIVERSE FRACTAL? 12 4 1 SCALING LAWS 12 4 2 OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCES 12 4 3 SCALING IN FOURIER SPACE 12 5 DO WE REALLY SEE HOMOGENEITY? VARIANCE ON ?1000H?1 MPC SCALES 12 5 1 THE REFLEX CLUSTER SURVEY 12 5 2 ‘PEAKS AND VALLEYS’ IN THE POWER SPECTRUM 12 6 CONCLUSIONS