RADIATION DETECTION: PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 1 PROPERTIES AND SOURCES OF RADIATION 11 TYPES OF RADIATION 12 WAVES OR PARTICLES? 13 RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY 13A: DECAY ENERGY OR Q-VALUE 13B: THE DECAY EQUATION 13C: COMPOSITE RADIONUCLIDES 13D: RADIOACTIVE CHAIN 13E: DECAY EQUILIBRIUM 13F: BRANCHING RATIO 13G: UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY 14 ACTIVATION 15 SOURCES OF RADIATION 15A: NATURAL SOURCES 15B: MAN-MADE SOURCES 16 GENERAL PROPERTIES AND SOURCES OF PARTICLES AND WAVES 16A: PHOTONS 16B: ELECTRONS 16C: POSITRONS 16D: PROTONS 16E: NEUTRONS 16F: ALPHA PARTICLES 16G: FISSION FRAGMENTS 16H: MUONS, NEUTRINOS AND OTHER PARTICLES CHAPTER 2 INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER 21 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGIES 21A: INVERSE SQUARE LAW 21B: CROSS SECTION 21C: MEAN FREE PATH 21D: RADIATION LENGTH 21E: CONSERVATION LAWS 22 TYPES OF PARTICLE INTERACTIONS 22A: ELASTIC SCATTERING 22B: INELASTIC SCATTERING 22C: ANNIHILATION 22D: BREMSSTRAHLUNG 22E: CHERENKOV RADIATION 23 INTERACTION OF PHOTONS WITH MATTER 23A: INTERACTION MECHANISMS 23B: PASSAGE OF PHOTONS THROUGH MATTER 24 INTERACTION OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES WITH MATTER 24A: RUTHERFORD SCATTERING 24B: PASSAGE OF CHARGED PARTICLES THROUGH MATTER 24C: BRAGG CURVE 24D: ENERGY STRAGGLING 24E: RANGE AND RANGE STRAGGLING 25 INTERACTION OF ELECTRONS WITH MATTER 25A: INTERACTION MODES 25B: PASSAGE OF ELECTRONS THROUGH MATTER 25C: ENERGY STRAGGLING 25D: RANGE OF ELECTRONS 26 INTERACTION OF NEUTRAL PARTICLES WITH MATTER 26A: NEUTRONS 27 PROBLEMS CHAPTER 3 GAS FILLED DETECTORS 31 PRODUCTION OF ELECTRON-ION PAIRS 32 DIFFUSION AND DRIFT OF CHARGES IN GASES 32A: DIFFUSION IN THE ABSENCE OF ELECTRIC FIELD 32B: DRIFT OF CHARGES IN ELECTRIC FIELD 32C: EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES ON CHARGE TRANSPORT 33 REGIONS OF OPERATION OF GAS FILLED DETECTORS 33A: RECOMBINATION REGION 33B: ION CHAMBER REGION 33C: PROPORTIONAL REGION 33D: REGION OF LIMITED PROPORTIONALITY 33E: GEIGER-MUELLER REGION 33F: CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE 34 IONIZATION CHAMBERS 34A: CURRENT VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS 34B: MECHANICAL DESIGN 34C: CHOICE OF GAS 34D: SPECIAL TYPES OF ION CHAMBERS 34E: APPLICATIONS OF ION CHAMBERS 34F: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ION CHAMBERS 35 PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 35A: MULTIPLICATION FACTOR 35B: CHOICE OF GAS 35C: SPECIAL TYPES OF PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 36 GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTERS 36A: CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS 36B: DEAD TIME 36C: CHOICE OF GAS 36D: QUENCHING 36E: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GM COUNTERS 37 SOURCES OF ERROR IN GASEOUS DETECTORS 37A: RECOMBINATION LOSSES 37B: EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS 37C: EFFECTS OF SPACE CHARGE BUILDUP 38 DETECTOR EFFICIENCY 38A: SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO CHAPTER 4 LIQUID FILLED DETECTORS 41 PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS 41A: CHARGE PAIR GENERATION AND RECOMBINATION 41B: DRIFT OF CHARGES 42 LIQUID IONIZATION CHAMBER 42A: APPLICATIONS OF LIQUID FILLED ION CHAMBERS 43 LIQUID PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS 43A: CHARGE MULTIPLICATION 44 COMMONLY USED LIQUID DETECTION MEDIA 45 SOURCES OF ERROR IN LIQUID FILLED IONIZING DETECTORS 45A: RECOMBINATION 45B: PARASITIC ELECTRON CAPTURE AND TRAPPING 46 CHERENKOV DETECTORS 47 BUBBLE CHAMBER 48 LIQUID SCINTILLATOR DETECTORS CHAPTER 5 SOLID STATE DETECTORS 51 SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS 51A: STRUCTURE OF SEMICONDUCTORS 51B: CHARGE CARRIERS DISTRIBUTION 51C: INTRINSIC, COMPENSATED, AND EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS 51D: DOPING 51E: MECHANISM AND STATISTICS OF ELECTRON-HOLE PAIR PRODUCTION 51F: CHARGE CONDUCTIVITY 51G: MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR RADIATION DETECTION 51H: THE PN-JUNCTION 51I: MODES OF OPERATION OF A PN-DIODE 51J: DESIRABLE PROPERTIES 51K: SPECIFIC SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS 51L: RADIATION DAMAGE IN SEMICONDUCTORS 52 DIAMOND DETECTORS 52A: CHARGE PAIR PRODUCTION 52B: RECOMBINATION 52C: DRIFT OF CHARGE PAIRS 52D: LEAKAGE CURRENT 52E: DETECTOR DESIGN 52F: RADIATION HARDNESS 52G: APPLICATIONS 53 THERMOLUMINESCENT DETECTORS 53A: PRINCIPLE OF THERMOLUMINESCENCE CHAPTER 6 SCINTILLATION DETECTORS AND PHOTODETECTORS 61 SCINTILLATION MECHANISM AND SCINTILLATOR PROPERTIES 61A: BASIC SCINTILLATION MECHANISM 61B: LIGHT YIELD 61C: RISE AND DECAY TIMES 61D: QUENCHING 61E: DENSITY AND ATOMIC WEIGHT 61F: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND STABILITY 61G: OPTICAL PROPERTIES 61H: PHOSPHORESCENCE OR AFTERGLOW 61I: TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE 61J: RADIATION DAMAGE 61K: SCINTILLATION EFFICIENCY 62 ORGANIC SCINTILLATORS 62A: SCINTILLATION MECHANISM 62B: PLASTIC SCINTILLATORS 62C: LIQUID SCINTILLATORS 62D: CRYSTALLINE SCINTILLATORS 63 INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS 63A: SCINTILLATION MECHANISM 63B: RADIATION DAMAGE 63C: SOME COMMON INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS 64 TRANSFER OF SCINTILLATION PHOTONS 64A: TYPES OF LIGHT GUIDES 65 PHOTODETECTORS 65A: PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES 65B: PHOTODIODE DETECTORS 65C: AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE DETECTORS (APD) CHAPTER 7 POSITION SENSITIVE DETECTION AND IMAGING 71 SOME IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES AND QUANTITIES 71A: SPATIAL RESOLUTION 71B: EFFICIENCY 71C: SENSITIVITY 71D: DYNAMIC RANGE 71E: UNIFORMITY 71F: TEMPORAL LINEARITY 71G: NOISE AND SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (S/N) 72 POSITION SENSITIVE DETECTION 72A: TYPES OF POSITION SENSITIVE DETECTORS 72B: MULTIWIRE PROPORTIONAL CHAMBERS (MWPCS) 72C: MULTIWIRE DRIFT CHAMBER 72D: MICROSTRIP GAS CHAMBERS 72E: SEMICONDUCTOR MICROSTRIP DETECTORS (SMSDS) 73 IMAGING DEVICES 73A: CONVENTIONAL IMAGING 73B: ELECTRONICS IMAGING 73C: CHARGED COUPLED DEVICES 73D: DIRECT IMAGING 73E: INDIRECT IMAGING 73F: MICROSTRIP AND MULTIWIRE DETECTORS 73G: SCINTILLATING FIBER DETECTORS CHAPTER 8 SIGNAL PROCESSING 81 PREAMPLIFICATION 81A: VOLTAGE SENSITIVE PREAMPLIFIER 81B: CURRENT SENSITIVE PREAMPLIFIER 81C: CHARGE SENSITIVE PREAMPLIFIER 82 SIGNAL TRANSPORT 82A: TYPE OF CABLE 83 PULSE SHAPING 83A: DELAY LINE PULSE SHAPING 83B: CR-RC PULSE SHAPING 83C: SEMI-GAUSSIAN PULSE SHAPING 83D: SEMI-TRIANGULAR PULSE SHAPING 84 FILTERING 84A: LOW PASS FILTER 84B: HIGH PASS FILTER 84C: BAND PASS FILTER 85 AMPLIFICATION 86 DISCRIMINATION 86A: PULSE COUNTING 87 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION 87A: A/D-CONVERSION RELATED PARAMETERS 87B: A/D CONVERSION METHODS 87C: HYBRID ADCS 88 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 88A: DIGITAL FILTERS 89 ELECTRONICS NOISE 89A: TYPES OF ELECTRONICS NOISE 89B: NOISE IN SPECIFIC COMPONENTS 89C: MEASURING SYSTEM NOISE 89D: NOISE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES CHAPTER 9 ESSENTIAL STATISTICS FOR DATA ANALYSIS 91 MEASURES OF CENTRALITY 92 MEASURE OF DISPERSION 93 PROBABILITY 93A: FREQUENTIST APPROACH 93B: BAYESIAN APPROACH 93C: PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION 93D: SOME COMMON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 94 CONFIDENCE INTERVALS 95 MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY 95A: SYSTEMATIC ERRORS 95B: RANDOM ERRORS 95C: ERROR PROPAGATION 95D: PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 96 CONFIDENCE TESTS 96A: CHI-SQUARE (χSUP[2]) TEST 96B: STUDENT'S T TEST 97 REGRESSION 97A: SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION 97B: NONLINEAR REGRESSION 98 CORRELATION 98A: PEARSON R OR SIMPLE LINEAR CORRELATION 99 TIME SERIES ANALYSIS 99A: SMOOTHING 910 FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS 911 COUNTING STATISTICS 911A: MEASUREMENT PRECISION AND DETECTION LIMITS CHAPTER 10 SOFTWARE FOR DATA ANALYSIS 101 STANDARD ANALYSIS PACKAGES 101A: ROOT 101B: ORIGIN® 101C: MATLAB® 102 CUSTOM-MADE DATA ANALYSIS PACKAGES 102A: DATA IMPORT/EXPORT ROUTINES 102B: DATA ANALYSIS ROUTINES 102C: CODE GENERATION 102D: RESULT DISPLAY CHAPTER 11 DOSIMETRY AND RADIATION PROTECTION 111 IMPORTANCE OF DOSIMETRY 111A DOSE AND DOSE RATE 112 QUANTITIES RELATED TO DOSIMETRY 112A: RADIATION EXPOSURE AND DOSE 112B: FLUX OR FLUENCE RATE 112C: INTEGRATED FLUX OR FLUENCE 112D: EXPOSURE AND ABSORBED DOSE - MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS 112E: KERMA, CEMA, AND TERMA 112F: MEASURING KERMA AND EXPOSURE 112G: CAVITY THEORIES 112H: LET AND RBE 112I: BEAM SIZE 112J: INTERNAL DOSE 113 PASSIVE DOSIMETRY 113A: THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY 113B: OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE DOSIMETRY 113C: FILM DOSIMETRY 113D: TRACK ETCH DOSIMETRY 114 ACTIVE DOSIMETRY 114A: ION CHAMBER DOSIMETRY 114B: SOLID STATE DOSIMETRY 114C: PLASTIC SCINTILLATOR DOSIMETER 114D: QUARTZ FIBER ELECTROSCOPE 115 MICRODOSIMETRY 115A: MICRODOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES 115B: EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 116 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION 116A: ACUTE AND CHRONIC RADIATION EXPOSURE 116B: EFFECTS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE 116C: EXPOSURE LIMITS 117 RADIATION PROTECTION 117A: EXPOSURE REDUCTION CHAPTER 12 RADIATION SPECTROSCOPY 121 SPECTROSCOPY OF PHOTONS 121A: γ-RAY SPECTROSCOPY 121B: CALIBRATION 121C: X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY 122 SPECTROSCOPY OF CHARGED PARTICLES 122A: α-PARTICLE SPECTROSCOPY 122B: ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 123 NEUTRON SPECTROSCOPY 123A: NEUTRONS AS MATTER PROBES 123B: NEUTRON SPECTROMETRY TECHNIQUES 124 MASS SPECTROSCOPY 125 TIME SPECTROSCOPY CHAPTER 13 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS 131 DATA ACQUISITION CHAIN 131A: PULSE COUNTING 131B: ENERGY SPECTROSCOPY 131C: TIME SPECTROSCOPY 131D: COINCIDENCE SPECTROSCOPY 132 MODULAR INSTRUMENTS 132A: NIM STANDARD 132B: CAMAC STANDARD 132C: VME STANDARD 132D: FASTBUS STANDARD 133 PC BASED SYSTEMS 133A: PCI BOARDS 133B: PC SERIAL PORT MODULES 133C: PC PARALLEL PORT MODULES 133D: USB BASED MODULES 133E: TCP/IP BASED SYSTEMS