QUARKS, LEPTONS AND THE BIG BANG

By MARY LEWIS

CONTENTS THE STANDARD MODEL THE FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES OF MATTER THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES THE BIG BANG SUMMARY OF CHAPTER ASPECTS OF THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY MOMENTUM KINETIC ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY AND MASS REACTIONS AND DECAYS QUANTUM THEORY THE DOUBLE SLOT EXPERIMENT FOR ELECTRONS WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN? FEYNMAN’S PICTURE A SECOND EXPERIMENT HOW TO CALCULATE WITH AMPLITUDES FOLLOWING AMPLITUDES ALONG PATHS AMPLITUDES, STATES AND UNCERTAINTIES THE LEPTONS A SPOTTER’S GUIDE TO THE LEPTONS THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LEPTONS NEUTRINO REACTIONS WITH MATTER SOME MORE REACTIONS INVOLVING NEUTRINOS ‘WHO ORDERED THAT?’ SOLAR NEUTRINOS AGAIN ANTIMATTER INTERNAL PROPERTIES POSITRONS AND MYSTERY NEUTRINOS ANTIQUARKS THE GENERAL NATURE OF ANTIMATTER ANNIHILATION REACTIONS HADRONS THE PROPERTIES OF THE QUARKS A REVIEW OF THE STRONG FORCE BARYONS AND MESONS BARYON FAMILIES MESON FAMILIES INTERNAL PROPERTIES OF PARTICLES HADRON REACTIONS BASIC IDEAS BASIC PROCESSES USING CONSERVATION LAWS THE PHYSICS OF HADRON REACTIONS PARTICLE DECAYS THE EMISSION OF LIGHT BY ATOMS BARYON DECAY MESON DECAYS STRANGENESS LEPTON DECAYS THE EVIDENCE FOR QUARKS THE THEORETICAL IDEA DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING JETS THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 10 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 10 1 BASIC IDEAS 10 2 ACCELERATORS 10 3 TARGETS 10 4 DETECTORS 10 5 A CASE STUDY—DELPHI 10 6 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER INTERLUDE 1: CERN 11 EXCHANGE FORCES 11 1 THE MODERN APPROACH TO FORCES 11 2 EXTENDING THE IDEA 11 3 QUANTUM ?ELD THEORIES 11 4 GRAND UNI?CATION 11 5 EXOTIC THEORIES 11 6 FINAL THOUGHTS 11 7 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER INTERLUDE 2: ANTIHYDROGEN 12 THE BIG BANG 12 1 EVIDENCE 12 2 EXPLAINING THE EVIDENCE 12 3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 13 THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE 13 1 GENERAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITY 13 2 GEOMETRY 13 3 THE GEOMETRY OF THE UNIVERSE 13 4 THE NATURE OF GRAVITY 13 5 THE FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE? 13 6 SUMMARY 14 DARK MATTER 14 1 THE BARYONIC MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE 14 2 THE EVIDENCE FOR DARK MATTER 14 3 WHAT IS THE DARK MATTER? 14 4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER INTERLUDE 3: A BRIEF HISTORY OF COSMOLOGY 15 IN?ATION—A CURE FOR ALL ILLS 15 1 PROBLEMS WITH THE BIG BANG THEORY 15 2 IN?ATION 15 3 THE RETURN OF 15 4 THE LAST WORD ON GALAXY FORMATION 15 5 QUANTUM COSMOLOGY 15 6 THE LAST WORD 15 7 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER POSTLUDE: PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS