MODERN SPECTROSCOPY
CONTENTS SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS IN QUANTUM MECHANICS SPECTROSCOPY AND QUANTUM MECHANICS THE EVOLUTION OF QUANTUM THEORY THE SCHRO¨DINGER EQUATION AND SOME OF ITS SOLUTIONS 131 THE SCHRO¨DINGER EQUATION 132 THE HYDROGEN ATOM 133 ELECTRON SPIN AND NUCLEAR SPIN ANGULAR MOMENTUM 134 THE BORN–OPPENHEIMER APPROXIMATION 135 THE RIGID ROTOR 136 THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR EXERCISES BIBLIOGRAPHY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND ITS INTERACTION WITH ATOMS AND MOLECULES ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ABSORPTION AND EMISSION OF RADIATION LINE WIDTH 231 NATURAL LINE BROADENING 232 DOPPLER BROADENING 233 PRESSURE BROADENING 234 POWER, OR SATURATION, BROADENING 235 REMOVAL OF LINE BROADENING 2351 EFFUSIVE ATOMIC OR MOLECULAR BEAMS 2352 LAMB DIP SPECTROSCOPY GENERAL FEATURES OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM GENERAL COMPONENTS OF AN ABSORPTION EXPERIMENT DISPERSING ELEMENTS 331 PRISMS 332 DIFFRACTION GRATINGS 333 FOURIER TRANSFORMATION AND INTERFEROMETERS 3331 RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION 3332 INFRARED, VISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION COMPONENTS OF ABSORPTION EXPERIMENTS IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE SPECTRUM 341 MICROWAVE AND MILLIMETRE WAVE 342 FAR-INFRARED 343 NEAR-INFRARED AND MID-INFRARED 344 VISIBLE AND NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET 345 VACUUM- OR FAR-ULTRAVIOLET OTHER EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 351 ATTENUATED TOTAL RE?ECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY AND RE?ECTION–ABSORPTION INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 352 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 353 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 354 FLASH PHOTOLYSIS TYPICAL RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETERS FOR THE NEAR-INFRARED, MID-INFRARED, VISIBLE AND NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET REGIONS EXERCISE MOLECULAR SYMMETRY ELEMENTS OF SYMMETRY 411 N-FOLD AXIS OF SYMMETRY, CN 412 PLANE OF SYMMETRY, S 413 CENTRE OF INVERSION, I 414 N-FOLD ROTATION–RE?ECTION AXIS OF SYMMETRY, SN 415 THE IDENTITY ELEMENT OF SYMMETRY, I (OR E) 416 GENERATION OF ELEMENTS 417 SYMMETRY CONDITIONS FOR MOLECULAR CHIRALITY POINT GROUPS CN POINT GROUPS SN POINT GROUPS CNV POINT GROUPS DN POINT GROUPS CNH POINT GROUPS DND POINT GROUPS DNH POINT GROUPS TD POINT GROUP OH POINT GROUP 4210 KH POINT GROUP 4211 IH POINT GROUP 4212 OTHER POINT GROUPS POINT GROUP CHARACTER TABLES 431 C2V CHARACTER TABLE 432 C3V CHARACTER TABLE 433 C1V CHARACTER TABLE 434 IH CHARACTER TABLE SYMMETRY AND DIPOLE MOMENTS ROTATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY LINEAR, SYMMETRIC ROTOR, SPHERICAL ROTOR AND ASYMMETRIC ROTOR MOLECULES ROTATIONAL INFRARED, MILLIMETRE WAVE AND MICROWAVE SPECTRA 521 DIATOMIC AND LINEAR POLYATOMIC MOLECULES 5211 TRANSITION FREQUENCIES OR WAVENUMBERS 5212 INTENSITIES 5213 CENTRIFUGAL DISTORTION 5214 DIATOMIC MOLECULES IN EXCITED VIBRATIONAL STATES 522 SYMMETRIC ROTOR MOLECULES 523 STARK EFFECT IN DIATOMIC, LINEAR AND SYMMETRIC ROTOR MOLECULES 524 ASYMMETRIC ROTOR MOLECULES 525 SPHERICAL ROTOR MOLECULES 526 INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES DETECTED BY THEIR RADIOFREQUENCY, MICROWAVE OR MILLIMETRE WAVE SPECTRA ROTATIONAL RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 531 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 532 THEORY OF ROTATIONAL RAMAN SCATTERING 533 ROTATIONAL RAMAN SPECTRA OF DIATOMIC AND LINEAR POLYATOMIC MOLECULES 534 NUCLEAR SPIN STATISTICAL WEIGHTS 535 ROTATIONAL RAMAN SPECTRA OF SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC ROTOR MOLECULES STRUCTURE DETERMINATION FROM ROTATIONAL CONSTANTS VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY DIATOMIC MOLECULES 611 INFRARED SPECTRA 612 RAMAN SPECTRA 613 ANHARMONICITY 6131 ELECTRICAL ANHARMONICITY 6132 MECHANICAL ANHARMONICITY 614 VIBRATION–ROTATION SPECTROSCOPY 6141 INFRARED SPECTRA 6142 RAMAN SPECTRA POLYATOMIC MOLECULES 621 GROUP VIBRATIONS 622 NUMBER OF NORMAL VIBRATIONS OF EACH SYMMETRY SPECIES 6221 NON-DEGENERATE VIBRATIONS 6222 DEGENERATE VIBRATIONS 623 VIBRATIONAL SELECTION RULES 6231 INFRARED SPECTRA 6232 RAMAN SPECTRA 624 VIBRATION–ROTATION SPECTROSCOPY 6241 INFRARED SPECTRA OF LINEAR MOLECULES 6242 INFRARED SPECTRA OF SYMMETRIC ROTORS 6243 INFRARED SPECTRA OF SPHERICAL ROTORS 6244 INFRARED SPECTRA OF ASYMMETRIC ROTORS 625 ANHARMONICITY 6251 POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACES 6252 VIBRATIONAL TERM VALUES 6253 LOCAL MODE TREATMENT OF VIBRATIONS 6254 VIBRATIONAL POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS WITH MORE THAN ONE MINIMUM 6254(A) INVERSION VIBRATIONS 6254(B) RING-PUCKERING VIBRATIONS 6254(C) TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY 711 THE PERIODIC TABLE 712 VECTOR REPRESENTATION OF MOMENTA AND VECTOR COUPLING APPROXIMATIONS 7121 ANGULAR MOMENTA AND MAGNETIC MOMENTS 7122 COUPLING OF ANGULAR MOMENTA 7123 RUSSELL–SAUNDERS COUPLING APPROXIMATION 7123(A) NON-EQUIVALENT ELECTRONS 7123(B) EQUIVALENT ELECTRONS 713 SPECTRA OF ALKALI METAL ATOMS 714 SPECTRUM OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM 715 SPECTRA OF HELIUM AND THE ALKALINE EARTH METAL ATOMS 716 SPECTRA OF OTHER POLYELECTRONIC ATOMS ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES 721 MOLECULAR ORBITALS 7211 HOMONUCLEAR DIATOMIC MOLECULES 7212 HETERONUCLEAR DIATOMIC MOLECULES 722 CLASSI?CATION OF ELECTRONIC STATES 723 ELECTRONIC SELECTION RULES 724 DERIVATION OF STATES ARISING FROM CON?GURATIONS 725 VIBRATIONAL COARSE STRUCTURE 7251 POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVES IN EXCITED ELECTRONIC STATES 7252 PROGRESSIONS AND SEQUENCES 7253 THE FRANCK–CONDON PRINCIPLE 7254 DESLANDRES TABLES 7255 DISSOCIATION ENERGIES 7256 REPULSIVE STATES AND CONTINUOUS SPECTRA 726 ROTATIONAL ?NE STRUCTURE 7261 1S 7 1S ELECTRONIC AND VIBRONIC TRANSITIONS 7262 1P 7 1S ELECTRONIC AND VIBRONIC TRANSITIONS ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES 731 MOLECULAR ORBITALS AND ELECTRONIC STATES 7311 AH2 MOLECULES 7311(A) ?HAH ¼ 7311(B) ?HAH ¼ 7312 FORMALDEHYDE (H2CO) 7313 BENZENE 7314 CRYSTAL ?ELD AND LIGAND ?ELD MOLECULAR ORBITALS 7314(A) CRYSTAL ?ELD THEORY 7314(B) LIGAND ?ELD THEORY 7314(C) ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS 732 ELECTRONIC AND VIBRONIC SELECTION RULES 733 CHROMOPHORES 734 VIBRATIONAL COARSE STRUCTURE 7341 SEQUENCES 7342 PROGRESSIONS 7342(A) TOTALLY SYMMETRIC VIBRATIONS 7342(B) NON-TOTALLY SYMMETRIC VIBRATIONS 735 ROTATIONAL ?NE STRUCTURE 736 DIFFUSE SPECTRA PHOTOELECTRON AND RELATED SPECTROSCOPIES PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 811 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 8111 SOURCES OF MONOCHROMATIC IONIZING RADIATION 8112 ELECTRON VELOCITY ANALYSERS 8113 ELECTRON DETECTORS 8114 RESOLUTION 812 IONIZATION PROCESSES AND KOOPMANS’ THEOREM 813 PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRA AND THEIR INTERPRETATION 8131 ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRA OF ATOMS 8132 ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRA OF MOLECULES 8132(A) HYDROGEN 8132(B) NITROGEN 8132(C) HYDROGEN BROMIDE 8132(D) WATER 8132(E) BENZENE 8133 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRA OF GASES 8134 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRA OF SOLIDS AUGER ELECTRON AND X-RAY ?UORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 821 AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 8211 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 8212 PROCESSES IN AUGER ELECTRON EJECTION 8213 EXAMPLES OF AUGER ELECTRON SPECTRA 822 X-RAY ?UORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 8221 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 8222 PROCESSES IN X-RAY ?UORESCENCE 8223 EXAMPLES OF X-RAY ?UORESCENCE SPECTRA EXTENDED X-RAY ABSORPTION ?NE STRUCTURE LASERS AND LASER SPECTROSCOPY GENERAL DISCUSSION OF LASERS 911 GENERAL FEATURES AND PROPERTIES 912 METHODS OF OBTAINING POPULATION INVERSION 913 LASER CAVITY MODES 914 Q-SWITCHING 915 MODE LOCKING 916 HARMONIC GENERATION EXAMPLES OF LASERS THE RUBY AND ALEXANDRITE LASERS THE TITANIUM–SAPPHIRE LASER THE NEODYMIUM–YAG LASER THE DIODE OR SEMICONDUCTOR LASER THE HELIUM–NEON LASER THE ARGON ION AND KRYPTON ION LASERS THE NITROGEN (N2) LASER THE EXCIMER AND EXCIPLEX LASERS THE CARBON DIOXIDE LASER 9210 THE DYE LASERS 9211 LASER MATERIALS IN GENERAL USES OF LASERS IN SPECTROSCOPY HYPER RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY STIMULATED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY LASER STARK (OR LASER ELECTRON RESONANCE) SPECTROSCOPY TWO-PHOTON AND MULTIPHOTON ABSORPTION MULTIPHOTON DISSOCIATION AND LASER SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES SINGLE VIBRONIC LEVEL, OR DISPERSED, ?UORESCENCE LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING (LIDAR) CAVITY RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY 9310 FEMTOSECOND SPECTROSCOPY 9311 SPECTROSCOPY OF MOLECULES IN SUPERSONIC JETS 93111 PROPERTIES OF A SUPERSONIC JET 93112 FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION SPECTROSCOPY 93113 SINGLE VIBRONIC LEVEL, OR DISPERSED, ?UORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 93114 ZERO KINETIC ENERGY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY