THE WONDERS OF OPTICS
1 Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Measurement of Light 1 11 Electromagnetic Wave Theory of Light 1 12 Classical Superposition 4 13 Measurement of Light 9 14 Intensity of Light: Expectation and Fluctuation 13 141 Chaotic-Thermal Light 14 142 Coherent Light 15 15 Measurement of Intensity: Ensemble Average and Time Average 16 151 Unavoidable Time Average Caused by the Finite Response Time of theMeasurement Device 18 152 Timely Accumulative Measurement 20 Summary 24 Suggested Reading 24 2 Coherence Property of Light—The State of the Radiation 25 21 Coherence Property of Light 25 211 Incoherent Sub-Source and Incoherent Fourier-Mode: Chaotic Light 25 212 Coherent Sub-Sources and Coherent Fourier-Modes 26 213 Incoherent Sub-Sources and Coherent Fourier-Modes 27 214 Coherent Sub-Sources and Incoherent Fourier-Modes 30 22 Temporal Coherence 32 23 Spatial Coherence 34 Summary 40 Suggested Reading 40 3 Diffraction and Propagation 41 31 Diffraction 41 32 Field Propagation 45 Summary 50 Suggested Reading 51 4 Optical Imaging 53 41 A Classic Imaging System 55 42 Fourier Transform via a Lens 60 Summary 61 Suggested Reading 61 5 First-Order Coherence of Light 63 51 First-Order Temporal Coherence 67 511 ?(r1, t1; r2, t2): Chaotic-Thermal Light 67 512 ?(r1, t1; r2, t2): A Large Number of Overlapped and Partially Overlapped Wavepackets 70 513 ?(r1, t1; r2, t2): A Wavepacket 72 514 ?(r1, t1; r2, t2): Two Wavepackets 76 515 ?(r1, t1; r2, t2): CWLaser Radiation 78 52 First-Order Spatial Coherence 79 521 Chaotic-Thermal Source 80 522 Coherent Radiation Source 83 Summary 84 Suggested Reading 84 6 Second-Order Coherence of Light 85 61 Second-Order Coherence of Coherent Light 87 62 Second-Order Correlation of Chaotic-Thermal Radiation and the HBT Interferometer 90 621 HBT Interferometer I: Second-Order Temporal Coherence 93 622 HBT Interferometer II: Second-Order Spatial Coherence 97 623 HBT Correlation and the Detection-Time Average 99 63 The Physical Cause of the HBT Phenomenon 103 64 Near-Field Second-Order Spatial Coherence of Thermal Light 111 65 Nth-Order Coherence of Light 115 66 Nth-Order Near-Field Spatial Coherence of Thermal Light 120 Summary 122 Appendix 6A 123 Suggested Reading 124 7 Homodyne Detection and Heterodyne Detection of Light 127 71 Optical Homodyne and Heterodyne Detection 127 72 Balanced Homodyne and Heterodyne Detection 129 73 Balanced Homodyne Detection of Independent and Coupled Thermal Fields 135 Summary 138 Suggested Reading 139 8 Quantum Theory of Light: Field Quantization and Measurement 141 81 The Experimental Foundation—Part I: Blackbody Radiation 142 82 The Experimental Foundation—Part II: Photoelectric Effect 147 83 The Light Quantum and the Field Quantization 151 84 Photon Number State of Radiation Field 161 85 Coherent State of Radiation Field 166 86 Density Operator and Density Matrix 170 87 Composite System and Two-Photon State of Radiation Field 175 88 A Simple Model of Incoherent and Coherent Radiation Source 178 89 Pure State andMixed State 185 810 Product State, Entangled State, and Mixed State of Photon Pairs 196 811 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory 203 812 Measurement of Light: Photon Counting 205 813 Measurement of Light: Joint Detection of Photons 207 814 Field Propagation in Space-Time 210 Summary 214 Suggested Reading 214 9 Quantum Theory of Optical Coherence 217 91 Quantum Degree of First-Order Coherence 220 92 Photon and EffectiveWavefunction 233 93 Measurement of the First-Order Coherence or Correlation 236 94 Interference between Independent Radiations 239 95 Quantum Degree of Second-Order Coherence 242 96 Two-Photon Interference vs Statistical Correlation of Intensity Fluctuations 259 97 Second-Order Spatial Correlation of Thermal Light 261 98 Photon Counting and Measurement of G(2) 267 99 Quantum Degree of Nth-Order Coherence 271 Summary 272 Suggested Reading 274 10 Quantum Entanglement 275 101 EPR Experiment and EPR State 276 102 Product State, Entangled State, and Classically Correlated State 282 1021 Product State 282 1022 Entangled State 283 1023 Classically Correlated State 284 103 Entangled States in Spin Variables 284 104 Entangled Biphoton State 285 105 EPR Correlation of Entangled Biphoton System 291 106 Subsystem in an Entangled Two-Photon State 299 107 Biphoton in Dispersive Media 303 Summary 307 Suggested Reading 307 11 Quantum Imaging 309 111 Biphoton Imaging 309 112 Ghost Imaging 317 113 Ghost Imaging and Uncertainty Relation 326 114 Thermal Light Ghost Imaging 334 115 Classical Simulation of Ghost Imaging 341 116 Turbulence-Free Ghost Imaging 344 Summary 347 Suggested Reading 348 12 Two-Photon Interferometry?I: Biphoton Interference 351 121 Is Two-Photon Interference the Interference of Two Photons? 353 122 Two-Photon Interference with Orthogonal Polarization 363 123 Franson Interferometer 367 124 Two-Photon Ghost Interference 371 125 Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser 376 Summary 384 Suggested Reading 384 13 Two-Photon Interferometry—II: Quantum Interference of Chaotic-Thermal Light 387 131 Two-Photon Young’s Interference 388 132 Two-Photon Anti-Correlation of Incoherent Chaotic-Thermal Light 396 133 Two-Photon Interference with Incoherent Orthogonal Polarized Chaotic-Thermal Light 408 Summary 420 Suggested Reading 420 14 Bell’s Theorem and Bell’s Inequality Measurement 421 141 Hidden Variable Theory and Quantum Calculation for the Measurement of Spin 1/2 Bohm State 426 142 Bell’s Theorem and Bell’s Inequality 429 143 Bell States 434 144 Bell State Preparation 438 Summary 446 Suggested Reading 447