BREAKING OCEAN WAVES
1 INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE 11 BREAKING OCEAN WAVES IN THE ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN SYSTEM 1 1 WAVE DYNAMICS AT WAVE BREAKING 1 112 ENERGY EXCHANGE AT WAVE BREAKING 2 113 GAS EXCHANGE IN THE OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM 4 12 BREAKING OCEAN WAVES AND MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 5 13 CLASSIFICATION OF INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES: METHODOLOGY OF EXPERI- MENTS 7 14 CONCLUSIONS 8 2 SPATIAL STOCHASTIC BREAKING WAVE FIELDS IN THE ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN SYSTEM 9 21 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING THE SPATIAL STOCHASTIC STRUCTURE OF BREAKING WAVES 9 22 TECHNIQUE AND CONDITIONS FOR PERFORMING FIELD EXPERIMENTS 10 221 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING THE EXPERIMENT AND THE FLIGHT PERFORMANCE TECHNIQUE 11 TECHNIQUE FOR PERFORMING THE CONTACT PART OF THE EXPERIMENT AND DATA PROCESSING 13 CONTENTS 223 THE STRATIFICATION STATE AND THE TURBULENT MODE OF A NEAR-SURFACE LAYER THE "NET" FETCH CONDITIONS 13 224 RESTORATION OF THE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEA SURFACE FROM ITS OPTICAL IMAGES 16 225 SPATIAL-SPECTRAL STRUCTURE OF SEA WAVES 18 23 SPATIAL-STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF A BREAKING WAVE FIELD IN DEVELOPED SEAS 21 231 THE TECHNIQUE OF FORMATION AND PROCESSING OF A RANDOM-POINT FIELD 22 232 LAWS OF SPECIFIC DENSITY DISTRIBUTION 23 233 SPATIAL HOMOGENEITY AND REPRESENTATIVENESS OF A BREAKING FIELD 28 234 LINEAR NON-CORRELATION OF BREAKING FIELDS 30 235 AZIMUTH HOMOGENEITY OF BREAKING FIELDS 236 31 MARKOV'S PROPERTY OF THE BREAKING FIELD 33 24 SPATIAL-STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF A DEVELOPING SEA BREAKING FIELD 36 241 THE TECHNIQUE OF FORMING AND PROCESSING THE RANDOM POINT FIELD 36 MARKOV PROPERTY OF THE BREAKING FIELD 38 242 243 LAWS OF SPECIFIC DENSITY DISTRIBUTION 40 244 LINEAR NON-CORRELATION OF BREAKING CENTER SPECIFIC DENSITY 40 245 SPATIAL HOMOGENEITY OF BREAKING CENTER SPECIFIC DENSITY 42 42 25 FRACTAL PROPERTIES OF WAVE-BREAKING ZONES IN STATIONARY AND DEVELOPING SEAS 43 251 TECHNIQUES OF FORMATION AND PROCESSING OF THE RANDOM-POINT FIELD FOR FRACTAL PROCESSING 43 252 FRACTAL PROPERTIES OF BREAKING FIELDS UNDER DEVELOPED SEA CONDITIONS 46 253 FRACTAL PROPERTIES OF BREAKING FIELDS UNDER DEVELOPING SEA CONDITIONS 48 26 CONCLUSION 3 LINEAR AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY OF WHITECAPPING AND FOAM STRUCTURES 49 31 THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING THE SPATIAL-STOCHASTIC STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL BREAKING WAVES 49 32 REMOTE INVESTIGATION OF INDIVIDUAL FOAM STRUCTURES IN THE WAVE-BREAKING PROCESS 50 33 PROCESSING THE DATA FROM REMOTE SENSING OF INDIVIDUAL FOAM STRUCTURES IN THE WAVE-BREAKING PROCESS 52 34 STATISTICS ON THE ELEMENTS IN THE LINEAR GEOMETRY OF INDIVIDUAL FOAM STRUCTURES IN THE WAVE-BREAKING PROCESS 58 35 STATISTICS OF ELEMENTS OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY OF INDI-VIDUAL FOAM STRUCTURES IN THE WAVE-BREAKING PROCESS 61 36 STATISTICS OF THE SPECIFIC DENSITY OF BREAKING CENTERS 68 37 A SPATIAL FIELD OF WAVE BREAKINGS AND THE OVERSHOOT THEORY FOR A RANDOM GAUSSIAN FIELD 72 371 PROPERTIES OF A FLUX OF FIXED LEVEL CROSSINGS BY THE GAUSSIAN FIELD 73 372 THE INTENSITY OF A FLUX OF FIXED LEVEL CROSSINGS BY THE GAUSSIAN FIELD AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS 75 373 REGIONS OF OVERSHOOTS OF AN ISOTROPIC GAUSSIAN FIELD AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS 77 374 ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DISSIPATION AND TRANSPAR-ENCY INTERVALS IN SPECTRA OF SEA WAVE HEIGHTS 79 38 CONCLUSIONS 80 4 THE LIFETIME DYNAMICS OF SEA WAVE BREAKINGS 83 41 THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING THE LIFETIME DYNAMICS OF THE SEA WAVE BREAKING PROCESS 83 42 TECHNIQUE AND CONDITIONS OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS 85 421 BREAKING PROCESS OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE 86 422 OPTICAL IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE 89 43 TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE BREAKING PROCESS 90 44 SPATIOTEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MESOBREAKINGS 96 45 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AERATED LAYER 100 46 CONCLUSIONS 101 5 THE DROP-SPRAY PHASE OVER A ROUGH SEA SURFACE 103 51 PHYSICAL MECHANISMS OF DROP-SPRAY PHASE GENERATION 103 52 DISPERSE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DROP-SPRAY PHASE 106 521 LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A DROP-SPRAY PHASE 107 110 522 FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF DROP-SPRAY PHASE CHARACTERISTICS 117 53 CONCLUSIONS 6 ELECTRODYNAMICS OF A ROUGH, DISPERSE, CLOSELY PACKED MEDIA 119 61 FOAM AS A COLLOIDAL SYSTEM: PHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES 119 62 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEA FOAM 123 63 DISPERSE STRUCTURE OF SEA FOAM IN THE BLACK SEA BASIN 128 64 EARLIER MEASUREMENTS AND "NAIVE" ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELS 132 65 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF ROUGHLY DISPERSE SYSTEMS BY RADIOPHYSICAL METHODS 136 136 651 LABORATORY ANALOGS OF FOAM SYSTEMS AND THEIR DISPERSE CHARACTERISTICS 652 SPECTRAL AND POLARIZATION PROPERTIES OF THE RADIOTHERMAL RADIATION OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS 139 653 REFLECTIVE PROPERTIES OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS IN THE MICROWAVE RANGE 148 66 THE THEORY OF NATURAL RADIATION OF DISPERSE CLOSELY PACKED SYSTEMS 154 661 AN INHOMOGENEOUS DIELECTRIC LAYER ADEQUATE FOR HETERO-GENEOUS MIXING OF WATER AND AIR 154 662 TRANSITION AND LAYER-INHOMOGENEOUS MODELS 156 663 ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF A BUBBLE IN THE MICROWAVE RANGE 157 664 OPTICAL MODEL OF A DISPERSE MEDIUM 166 665 DIFFRACTION MODELS OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS 169 666 LAYERED, INHOMOGENEOUS DIFFRACTION MODEL 173 67 CONCLUSIONS 177 7 ELECTRODYNAMICS OF CONCENTRATED DROP FLOWS 179 71 ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SECLUDED PARTICLES 179 711 THE SCATTERING CROSS-SECTION AND SCATTERING AMPLITUDE 180 712 THE ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTION 182 713 THE EXTINCTION CROSS-SECTION 182 714 SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO 183 715 THE SCATTERING INDICATRIX 183 72 BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE MIE THEORY 184 721 PARAMETERS OF THE MIE THEORY 185 722 THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE MIE THEORY 186 723 THE THREE REGIONS OF MIE SCATTERING 188 73 SCATTERING PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS PARTICLES 189 74 ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF POLYDISPERSE MEDIA 194 741 THE DENSITY FUNCTION 195 742 THE VOLUME DENSITY OF PARTICLES 195 743 THE INTEGRAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 196 196 744 THE RELATIVE DENSITY FUNCTION 196 745 THE DENSITY SAMPLING PROBABILITY 197 746 THE TOTAL MASS AND THE RELATIVE VOLUME CONCENTRATION OF WATER 198 747 RADAR REFLECTIVITY 198 748 RAINFALL RATES 199 749 ANALYTICAL FORMS OF THE DENSITY FUNCTION 7410 PARAMETERS OF ATTENUATION AND SCATTERING OF A POLYDISPERSE MEDIUM 200 75 BACKSCATTERING BY NATURAL POLYDISPERSE VOLUME TARGETS 204 76 FEATURES OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN DENSE MEDIA 209 761 A DISPERSE MEDIUM AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS 210 762 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE AND INSTRUMENTS 211 763 AVERAGE VALUES OF ELECTRODYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 213 764 FLUCTUATION MODE OF EXTINCTION 215 77 CONCLUSIONS 221