PRACTICAL MEDICAL CHEMISTRY FOR PHYSICIANS AND STUDENTS
Chapter 1 Synthetic Materials in Medicine 1 11 Introduction 1 12 Surgical Uses of Biomaterials 3 121 Orthopaedic Joint Replacement 4 122 Tendons and Ligaments 8 123 Cardiovascular Implants 9 124 Ophthalmic Implants 11 125 Dentistry 13 126 Wound Dressings and Artificial Skin 16 127 Facial Implants 18 128 Breast Implants 18 129 Ear Ossicles 19 13 Conclusions 20 References 20 Chapter 2 Polymers 24 21 Polyethylene 24 211 Polyethylene for Orthopaedics 25 212 Wear of UHMWPE 32 213 Crosslinked UHMWPE 35 214 Knee Replacement 36 215 Polyethylene for Facial Skeletal Defects 37 216 Hydroxyapatite-filled Polyethylene 37 22 Acrylic Bone Cements 39 221 Acrylic Bone Cements Containing Other Components 41 23 Degradable Polymers 41 231 Reinforced Degradable Polymers 44 24 Polyurethanes 45 25 Hydrogels 45 251 Hydrogels and Other Polymers in Ophthalmology 46 26 Silicone-based Implants 50 References 51 Chapter 3 Ceramics 60 31 Introduction 60 32 Ceramics in Medicine 61 33 Calcium Phosphates 62 331 Chemistry 62 332 Mechanical Properties of Calcium Phosphate Cements 67 333 Calcium Phosphates in the Body 67 334 Apatite Chemistry 69 335 Summary of Calcium Phosphate Cements 71 336 Calcium Phosphate Coatings 72 337 Biological Interactions of Calcium Phosphate Coatings 76 34 Porous Hydroxyapatite Implants 78 35 Dense Hydroxyapatite Implants 80 351 Interaction of Dense Hydroxyapatite with the Body 81 36 Bioactive Glasses 82 361 The Chemistry of the Bone–Bioactive Glass Interaction 83 362 Tissue Response to Bioactive Glasses 86 363 Clinical Applications of Bioactive Glasses 87 364 Other Potential Applications of Bioactive Glasses 88 37 Apatite/Wollastonite Glass-ceramics 88 38 Alumina 90 39 Zirconia 91 310 Pyrolytic Carbon 92 References 95 Chapter 4 Metals 104 41 Introduction 104 42 Metal Ions in the Body 107 43 Cobalt–Chromium Alloys 109 431 Metal-on-metal Hip Joints 109 432 Biological Reactions to Cobalt–Chromium Alloys 111 44 Stainless Steel 112 441 Biocompatibility of Stainless Steel 113 45 Titanium and Its Alloys 114 451 Surgical Uses of Titanium and Its Alloys 115 452 Surface Chemistry of Titanium and Its Alloys 117 453 Wear Behaviour of Titanium and Its Alloys 118 454 Other Surface Modification Techniques for Titanium and Its Alloys 119 455 Biocompatibility of Titanium and Its Alloys 120 456 Clinical Applications of Titanium and Its Alloys 123 46 Precious Metals and Their Alloys 125 47 Dental Amalgam 127 471 Dental Amalgams and the Minamata Convention 130 472 Magnesium Alloys 132 References 133 Chapter 5 Dental Materials 141 51 Introduction 141 52 Composite Resins 143 521 Curing of Composites 144 522 Soft-start Polymerization 147 523 Fillers 147 524 Pigments 149 525 Bonding of Composite Resins to the Tooth 149 526 Surface Preparation 150 527 Dentine Bonding Agents 150 528 Etch-and-rinse Systems 152 529 Self-etch Systems 153 5210 Universal Bonding Agents 153 5211 Clinical Performance of Composite Resins 153 5212 Alternative Composite Resin Systems for Dentistry 155 5213 Ormocers 155 5214 Siloranes 156 5215 Giomers 157 53 Cements 157 531 Basic Types and Uses 157 532 Cements Based on Zinc Oxide 158 54 Glass-ionomers 160 541 Ion Release from Glass-ionomer Cements 165 542 Biocompatibility 167 543 Clinical Performance 167 544 Resin-modified Glass-ionomers 168 545 Adhesion to Dentine and Enamel by Glass-ionomer Cements 170 546 Metal-containing Glass-ionomers 171 55 Polyacid-modified Composite Resins 172 56 Prosthetic Materials 172 57 Endodontic Materials 173 58 Orthodontic Materials 174 References 175 Chapter 6 Biological Interactions with Materials 185 61 Introduction 185 62 Biocompatibility 186 63 Toxicity 189 64 Cytotoxicity 190 65 Hypersensitivity 192 66 Carcinogenicity 194 67 Interaction of Materials with Soft Tissues 196 671 Inflammation 196 672 Granulation Tissue Formation 198 673 Foreign-body Reaction 198 674 Fibrosis 199 68 Interaction with Blood 199 681 Modification of Blood–Biomaterial Interactions by Heparin 204 69 Interactions with Proteins 205 691 The Vroman Effect 208 610 Cell Adhesion 209 6101 Adhesion of Osteoblasts 210 611 Interactions with Hard Tissues 211 6111 Osseointegration 213 6112 Fibrous Capsule Formation 214 612 Safety Testing of Biomaterials 214 References 216 Chapter 7 Tissue Engineering 224 71 Introduction 224 711 Scope of Tissue Engineering 225 72 Tissue-engineering of Skin 226 73 Tissue-engineering of Articular Cartilage 226 74 Tissue-engineering of Bone 228 References 229 Chapter 8 Ethical Perspectives in Biomaterials Science 231 81 Introduction 231 82 The Use of Animals in Research 232 83 Human Research 234 84 Bodily Augmentation 236 85 Tissue Engineering 238 86 Research Ethics and Scientific Fraud 238 87 Ethics of Publication in Biomaterials Science 239 88 Regulatory Control of the Use of Biomaterials and Devices 242 89 Conclusions 243 References 244