APPLIED PHYSICAL PHARMACY
CONTENTS 1 THE BEST FIT LINE 2 THE STANDARD DEVIATION 3 MOLE CONCEPT 4 CHEMICAL KINETICS 5 CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS 6 EBULLIOSCOPIC (BOILING POINT) METHOD 7 CRYOSCOPIC METHOD 8 REFRACTOMETRY 9 SURFACE TENSION 10 POTENTIOMETER (PH - METER) 11 LOVIBOND METHOD 12 STANDARD BUFFER SOLUTIONS 13 POLARIMETER 14 THERMOCHEMISTRY 15 ADSORPTION 16 HYDROPHILE – LIPOPHILE BALANCE 17 VISCOSITY 18 SOLUBILITY 19 PARTITION COEFFICIENT 20 PHASE RULE 21 ANDREASON PIPETTE 22 SIEVE METHOD 23 MICROSCOPY 24 CONDUCTIVITY (O/W, W/O) 25 SUSPENSION 26 THIXOTROPY 27 ANGLE OF REPOSE 28 VICTOR MEYER 29 ION-EXCHANGE RESIN 30 BULK DENSITY FOLLOWING METHOD IS USED TO DRAW THE BEST FIT LINE THROUGH THE GIVEN "N" NUMBER OF POINTS FOR THIS PURPOSE TWO POINTS POINT P(O, C) AND POINT Q ( ) – X , – Y ARE FIXED WHERE T× – TT ? (A – X) LOG (A – X) ? Y XY ?Y ?XY 1 THE BEST FIT LINE APPLIED PHYSICAL PHARMACY FOR THE NOTATIONS T?, TT, A, X, K REFER THE KINETICS EXPERIMENT LOG (A – X) = – K 2 303 T + LOG A NOTE: NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS = N = 6 THE STUDENT CAN USE ABOVE DATA TO FIND POINT Q( ) – X , – Y AND P(O, C) AND DRAW THE BEST FIT LINE, MAKING USE OF EQUATION (1) TO (5) AND DETERMINE THE VALUE OF "M" 2 THE STANDARD DEVIATION THE STANDARD DEVIATION (S) OF SET OF N NUMBERS X1, X2, …… , XN IS GIVEN BY S = ?( ) X – – X ? S = ?( ) X – – X APPLIED PHYSICAL PHARMACY 3 MOLE CONCEPT ATOMIC WEIGHTS: H = 1, O = 16, N = 14, C = 4, CU = 63 5 AVOGADRO NUMBER = N = 6 023 × 1023 NTP ? OK, 760 MM N IS NUMBER OF MOLECULES IN 1 GM MOLE OF A SUBSTANCE N IS NUMBER OF ATOMS IN 1 GM ATOM OF AN ELEMENT 1 GM MOLE OF NH3 I E 17 GM NH3 CONTAINS 6 023 × 1023 MOLECULES 1 GM ATOM OF COPPER I E 63 5 GM OF CU CONTAINS 6 023 × 1023 ATOMS OF CU 22400 C C OF ANY GAS AT NTP CONTAINS 6 023 × 1023 MOLECULES 1 GM MOLE OF ANY GAS AT NTP OCCUPIES 22400 C C 1 GM MOLE OF HYDROGEN I E 2 GM H2 WILL OCCUPY 22400 C C AT NTP MOLE FRACTION: A MIXTURE OF A AND B (M WTS MA AND MB) CONTAINS WA GM OF A AND WB GMS OF B THEN MOLES OF A IN THE MIXTURE = WA MA = NA MOLES OF B IN THE MIXTURE = WB MB = NB MOLE FRACTION OF A MIXTURE = MOLES OF THAT COMPONENT IN THE MIXTURE TOTAL NUMBER OF MOLES OF ALL THE COMPONENTS MOLE FRACTION OF A IN THE MIXTURE = NA NA + NB = XA MOLE FRACTION OF B IN THE MIXTURE = NB NA + NB = XB IF A MIXTURE CONTAINS NA, NB, NC MOLES OF A, B AND C THEN, MOLE FRACTION OF A IS XA = NA NA + NB + NC OF B MOLE FRACTION OF B IS XB = NB NA + NB + NC AND MOLE FRACTION OF C IS XC = NC NA + NB + NC NOTE: SUM OF MOLE FRACTIONS OF ALL THE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE IS ALWAYS 1 0 (ONE) APPLIED PHYSICAL PHARMACY