PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES
CONTENTS MEASUREMENT ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF MEASUREMENTS PRINCIPLES OF WEIGHING BALANCES AND SCALES SENSITIVITY REQUIREMENT (SR) OF A BALANCE, ERROR, AND PERCENTAGE ERROR FORMULAS PRACTICE EXAMPLES EXERCISES ADDITIONAL EXERCISES ERROR ASSESSMENT OF DRUG DOSE IN PHARMACEUTICAL MIXTURES A METHOD TO DETERMINE UNCERTAINTIES OF DRUG CONCENTRATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL MIXTURES (SAVVA 2006, 2016) APPLICATIONS OF THE METHOD THE ALIQUOT METHOD OF WEIGHING (SAVVA 2015) CALCULATING THE ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH THE DRUG DOSE WHEN TWO-COMPONENT FORMULATIONS ARE MEASURED ON BALANCES OF DIFFERENT SENSITIVITY THE METHOD OF GEOMETRIC DILUTION CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES DENSITY AND SPECI?C GRAVITY MATHEMATICAL DE?NITIONS AND EQUATIONS SPECI?C GRAVITY OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS APPLICATION OF DENSITY AND SPECI?C GRAVITY UNITS OF CONCENTRATION AND THE SALT FACTOR SOLUTE, SOLVENT, AND SOLUTION SOLUTE SOLVENT SOLUTION CONCENTRATION UNITS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES MASS PER UNIT VOLUME PERCENT BY WEIGHT (% W/W) PERCENT WEIGHT PER VOLUME (% W/V) PERCENT BY VOLUME (% V/V) MOLARITY (M) MOLALITY (M) NORMALITY (N) RATIO STRENGTH PARTS PER MILLION (PPM) BY MASS PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) BY MASS MOLE FRACTION (X) ACTIVITY UNITS SALT FACTOR, S DILUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS AND OTHER PHYSICAL MIXTURES DILUTION MASS BALANCE EQUATION MULTIPLE SERIAL DILUTIONS AND THE DILUTION FACTOR (DF) CONCENTRATING SOLUTIONS MIXTURE PROBLEMS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES GENERAL MIXTURE PROBLEMS MIXTURE COMPOSITION PROBLEMS: EXTENDED FORM OF THE MASS BALANCE EQUATION A CONCEPTUAL PROBLEM-SOLVING APPROACH FOR HIGHER THAN TWO-COMPONENT MIXTURE COMPOSITION PROBLEMS THREE-COMPONENT MIXTURES FOUR-COMPONENT MIXTURES ALLIGATION METHODS ALLIGATION MEDIAL ALLIGATION ALTERNATE ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS THE IMPORTANCE OF ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS IN PHARMACOTHERAPY PREPARING ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS OSMOLARITY AND VAN’T HOFF DISSOCIATION FACTOR ADJUSTING THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS THE SODIUM CHLORIDE EQUIVALENT METHOD THE FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION METHOD ADJUSTING THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS DIFFUSION DRUG DISSOLUTION TRANSMEMBRANE DIFFUSION A CLOSER LOOK AT THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE REFERENCE USE OF PREFABRICATED DOSAGE FORMS IN EXTEMPORANEOUS COMPOUNDING TABLETS AND CAPSULES FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS AND FLUID REGULATION IN BODY COMPARTMENTS CONDITIONS AND DISEASES THAT CAUSE ABNORMAL FLUID SHIFTS RULES OF PHYSICS THAT COULD PROVE USEFUL IN CLINICAL INTERVENTION MAINTENANCE AND REPLACEMENT FLUIDS OSMOTIC DIURETICS THE GRAM-EQUIVALENT WEIGHT (EW) CONVERTING MASS EXPRESSED IN GRAMS (G) INTO EQUIVALENTS (EQ) AND VICE VERSA CALCULATING EQUIVALENT OF IONS IN SOLUTIONS THAT ARE MADE BY MULTIPLE COMMON ION SALTS