HANDBOOK OF ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS

By N. FIIRR

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 PROSPECTS OF ACTINOBACTERIA FROM UNDEREXPLORED ECOSYSTEMS AS ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INTRODUCTION INFECTION AND EVOLUTION OF DRUG-RESISTANCE BY M TUBERCULOSIS PERSPECTIVE OF ACTINOBACTERIA AS ANTI-TB AGENTS NEED FOR EXPLORATION OF ACTINOBACTERIA FROM UNEXPLORED/UNDER-EXPLORED ECOSYSTEM ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENTS FROM ACTINOBACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH MEDICINAL PLANTS ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENTS FROM ACTINOBACTERIA FROM OTHER UNDER-EXPLORED ECOSYSTEMS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES CHAPTER 2 PROTOZOAN AND HELMINTH INFECTIONS: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ANTI INFECTIVE THERAPY PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ANTI-PROTOZOAN DRUGS (SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON LEISHMANIASIS) INTRODUCTION LEISHMANIASIS GENERAL DESCRIPTION VECTORS FOR LEISHMANIASIS LIFE CYCLE OF LEISHMANIA LIFE CYCLE IN THE SAND FLY LIFE CYCLE IN THE VERTEBRATE MORPHOLOGY OF LEISHMANIA MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES DURING TRANSFORMATION OF LEISHMANIA SP TRANSFORMATION FROM AMASTIGOTE TO PROMASTIGOTE TRANSFORMATION FROM PROMASTIGOTE TO AMASTIGOTE FORM PATHOGENESIS AND INFLAMMATION OF LEISHMANIA VARIOUS ANTI LEISHMANIA DRUGS AVAILABLE/ CLINICAL TRIALS (TABLE 1) PENTAVALENT ANTIMONIALS MILTEFOSINE PENTAMIDINE PAROMOMYCIN AMPHOTERICIN B SITAMAQUINE 8-AMINOQUINOLINES 2-SUBSTITUTED QUINOLINES BUPARVAQUONE COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY CONCLUDING REMARKS HELMINTH INFECTIONS: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS (SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ELEPHANTIASIS) ELEPHANTIASIS FILARIAL ELEPHANTIASIS PODOCONIOSIS (NON FILARIAL ELEPHANTIASIS) ANTI-ELEPHANTIASIS DRUGS CHAPTER 3 THERAPEUTIC DRUGS USED FOR EFFECTIVE LIFELONG CONTROL OF HIV AND AIDS TYPES OF HIV BRIEF HISTORY OF HIV AND AIDS STRUCTURE OF HIV HIV GENOME AND FUNCTIONS OF GENES STRUCTURAL GENES GAG (GROUP SPECIFIC ANTIGEN) GENE POL (POLYMERASE) GENE ENV (ENVELOP PROTEIN) GENE REGULATORY GENES TAT (TRANSCRIPTIONAL TRANSACTIVATOR) GENE REV GENE ACCESSORY GENES LIFE CYCLE AND MECHANISMS OF HIV INFECTION ROUTES OF HIV TRANSMISSION STAGES OF HIV INFECTIONS AND SYMPTOMS FIRST STAGE: ACUTE HIV INFECTION SECOND STAGE: CHRONIC HIV INFECTION THIRD STAGE: AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME) CATEGORIES OF AIDS OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS OF AIDS SKIN AND MOUTH INFECTIONS AND SYMPTOMS EFFECT ON NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SYMPTOMS EFFECT OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND SYMPTOMS EFFECT ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (GI) AND SYMPTOMS CANCERS DIAGNOSIS OF HIV INFECTION (AIDS) POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) BRANCHED-CHAIN DNA (B-DNA) NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE-BASED AMPLIFICATION (NASBA) MISCONCEPTIONS AND FACTS ABOUT HIV INFECTION (AIDS) DRUGS AVAILABLE FOR THE TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION OR AIDS FUSION INHIBITORS NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTIS) PROTEASE INHIBITORS (PIS) INTEGRASE STRAND TRANSFER INHIBITORS (INSTIS) PHARMACOKINETIC (PK) ENHANCER FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION (FDC) ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR (NRTI) COMBINATIONS PK-ENHANCED PI FORMULATIONS FUTURE THERAPIES STOPPING REPLICATION OF HIV SHOCK AND KILL OR KICK AND KILL IMMUNOTHERAPY GENE THERAPY CHAPTER 4 BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AS ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS PROCESSING AND PRODUCTION OF BPS APPLICATION OF BP ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES (AMPS) CLASSIFICATION OF AMPS MECHANISM OF AMPS CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF AMPS CHAPTER 5 DRUGS FOR SUPERBUGS: STRATEGIES AND METHODS TO DISCOVER NEW ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST DRUG RESISTANT PATHOGENS ANTIBIOTIC APOCALYPSE AND THE RISE OF SUPERBUGS WHY WE NEED TO WORRY? TYPES OF SUPERBUGS CRITICAL (PRIORITY 1) HIGH (PRIORITY 2) MEDIUM (PRIORITY 3) NEED TO DISCOVER NEW ANTIBIOTICS STRATEGIES AND METHODS EXTREME ECOSYSTEMS SYMBIOTIC BACTERIA CO-CULTURE APPROACH GENOME MINING APPROACH OSMAC (ONE STRAIN- MANY COMPOUNDS) APPROACH CAVE BACTERIA NEW MODE & OLD HABITAT COMBINING THE OLD AND THE NEW REUSE OLD ANTIBIOTICS REPURPOSING OLD DRUGS IMMUNOBIOTICS PHAGE THERAPY ANTIBIOTICS PLUS PROBIOTICS SYNTHETIC ANTIBIOTICS NEW GEL FOR SUPERBUGS ANALOGS OF NATURAL ANTIBIOTICS STRANGE HABITATS CHAPTER 6 ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS: THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION AZOLES ECHINOCANDINS ALLYLAMINES AND THIOCARBAMATES MORPHOLINES POLYENE PYRIMIDINE ANALOGUES GRISEOFULVIN COMMON FUNGAL DISEASES IN HUMAN – CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT ASPERGILLOSIS PATHOGENESIS TREATMENT CANDIDIASIS BLASTOMYCOSIS COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS HISTOPLASMOSIS RINGWORM SPOROTRICHOSIS CHAPTER 7 EMERGING VIRAL DISEASES AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS FOR THEIR CONTROL POSSIBLE CAUSES BEHIND THE EMERGENCE OF NEW VIRAL DISEASES MAJOR EMERGING VIRUSES CRIMEAN-CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (CCHF) EBOLA VIRAL DISEASE AND MARBURG VIRAL DISEASE HANTAVIRUS HENDRA VIRUS SARS CHAPTER 8 LEPROSY: CLINICAL / DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES AND CURRENT STATUS OF ANTI-LEPROSY DRUGS HISTORY CAUSES SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CLASSIFICATION OF LEPROSY LEPROSY REACTIONS LEPROSY MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS DIAGNOSIS LAB DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT AND CURRENT DRUGS DAPSONE PHARMACOKINETICS CLOFAZIMINE RIFAMPICIN OFLOXACIN MINOCYCLINE OTHER ANTI-LEPROSY DRUGS CLATHIROMYCIN ANSAMYCINS CHAPTER 9 SILK PROTEIN SERICIN: STRUCTURE, SECRETION, COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL SECRETION OF SILK PROTEINS STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF SERICIN ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF SERICIN INTERACTION MECHANISM APPLICATIONS OF SERICIN HAVING ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY WOUND HEALING TREATMENT OF FABRICS AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT STABILIZING NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITES CHAPTER 10 UNDERSTANDING THE REALM OF ANTIBIOTICS: MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND THEIR APPLICATIONS AS ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS DISCOVERY CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS ACTIVITY AGAINST GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTION ACTIVITY AGAINST GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTION ANTIBIOTIC CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE ANTIBIOTIC CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION ACTINOBACTERIA AS PROLIFIC PRODUCER OF ANTIBIOTICS MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT ORGANISMS AND THEIR FUTURE CHALLENGES NOBLE ANTIBIOTICS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAPTER 11 THE USE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA CAUSE OF MALARIA LIFE CYCLE EXO-ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES OF MALARIA PARASITE IN HUMAN BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR RELAPSES ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES OF MALARIA PARASITE IN HUMANS SPOROGONIC CYCLE IN MOSQUITO ANTIMALARIAL MEDICATIONS QUININE CHLOROQUINE AMODIAQUINE PYRIMETHAMINE PROGUANIL SULFONAMIDE MEFLOQUINE ATOVAQUONE PRIMAQUINE ARTEMISININ AND DERIVATIVES HALOFANTRINE DOXYCYCLINE CLINDAMYCIN MEDICINAL PLANTS IN TREATMENT OF MALARIA