FUNDAMENTALS OF NUCLEAR PHARMACY
CONTENTS CHAPTER THE ATOM ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM CHEMICAL BONDS ELECTROVALENT OR IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND COORDINATE COVALENT BOND COMPLEX FORMATION STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS NOMENCLATURE QUESTIONS SUGGESTED READING CHAPTER RADIOACTIVE DECAY DECAY OF RADIONUCLIDES SPONTANEOUS FISSION ALPHA (A) DECAY BETA (B ) DECAY POSITRON OR B+ DECAY ELECTRON CAPTURE ISOMERIC TRANSITION RADIOACTIVE DECAY EQUATIONS GENERAL EQUATION HALF-LIFE AND MEAN LIFE UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY CALCULATIONS SUCCESSIVE DECAY EQUATIONS TRANSIENT EQUILIBRIUM SECULAR EQUILIBRIUM STATISTICS OF COUNTING ERROR, ACCURACY, AND PRECISION STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD DEVIATION OF COUNT RATES PROPAGATION OF ERRORS INSTRUMENTS FOR RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAS-FILLED DETECTORS DOSE CALIBRATORS GEIGER-MU¨LLER COUNTERS SCINTILLATION DETECTING INSTRUMENTS COLLIMATOR DETECTOR PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE PREAMPLI?ER LINEAR AMPLI?ER PULSE HEIGHT ANALYZER DISPLAY OR STORAGE SCINTILLATION CAMERA X, Y POSITIONING CIRCUIT DIGITAL IMAGE DISPLAY AND STORAGE TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGERS SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY PET/CT AND SPECT/CT PRODUCTION OF RADIONUCLIDES CYCLOTRON-PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES GALLIUM-67 IODINE-123 INDIUM-111 THALLIUM-201 SHORT-LIVED RADIONUCLIDES REACTOR-PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES FISSION OR (N, F) REACTION IODINE-131 CONTENTS MOLYBDENUM-99 NEUTRON CAPTURE OR (N, G) REACTION TARGET AND ITS PROCESSING EQUATION FOR PRODUCTION OF RADIONUCLIDES SPECI?C ACTIVITY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING RADIONUCLIDE GENERATORS PRINCIPLES OF A GENERATOR IMPORTANT RADIONUCLIDE GENERATORS 99MO 99MTC GENERATOR 68GE 68GA GENERATOR 90SR 90Y GENERATOR 62ZN 62CU GENERATOR 82SR 82RB GENERATOR (CARDIOGEN-82) RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND METHODS OF RADIOLABELING DE?NITION OF A RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL IDEAL RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL EASY AVAILABILITY SHORT EFFECTIVE HALF-LIFE PARTICLE EMISSION DECAY BY ELECTRON CAPTURE OR ISOMERIC TRANSITION HIGH TARGET-TO-NONTARGET ACTIVITY RATIO DESIGN OF NEW RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FACTORS IN?UENCING THE DESIGN OF NEW RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS METHODS OF RADIOLABELING ISOTOPE EXCHANGE REACTIONS INTRODUCTION OF A FOREIGN LABEL LABELING WITH BIFUNCTIONAL CHELATING AGENTS BIOSYNTHESIS RECOIL LABELING EXCITATION LABELING IMPORTANT FACTORS IN LABELING EF?CIENCY OF THE LABELING PROCESS CHEMICAL STABILITY OF THE PRODUCT DENATURATION OR ALTERATION ISOTOPE EFFECT CARRIER-FREE OR NO-CARRIER-ADDED STATE STORAGE CONDITIONS CONTENTS SPECI?C ACTIVITY RADIOLYSIS PURI?CATION AND ANALYSIS SHELF LIFE SPECI?C METHODS OF LABELING RADIOIODINATION LABELING WITH 99MTC STRUCTURE OF 99MTC-COMPLEXES OXIDATION STATES OF 99MTC IN 99MTC-RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS KITS FOR 99MTC-LABELING COLLOIDS AND LABELED PARTICLES ADDITIVES AND PRESERVATIVES CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECI?C RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 99MTC-LABELED RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 99MTC-SODIUM PERTECHNETATE 99MTC-MACROAGGREGATED ALBUMIN 99MTC-PHOSPHONATE AND PHOSPHATE RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 99MTC-SULFUR COLLOID 99MTC-ALBUMIN COLLOID (NANOCOLLOID) 99MTC-PENTETATE (DTPA) 99MTC-LABELED RED BLOOD CELLS 99MTC-IMINODIACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES 99MTC-HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENE AMINE OXIME (CERETEC) 99MTC-SESTAMIBI (CARDIOLITE; MIRALUMA) 99MTC-TETROFOSMIN (MYOVIEW) 99MTC-MERCAPTOACETYLGLYCYLGLYCYLGLYCINE (MAG3) 99MTC-ETHYL CYSTEINATE DIMER (NEUROLITE) 99MTC-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID (SUCCIMER) 99MTC-GLUCEPTATE 99MTC-TECHNEGAS RADIOIODINATED RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 131I-SODIUM IODIDE 123I-SODIUM IODIDE 125I-ALBUMIN 123I- OR 131I-METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE 125I-SODIUM IOTHALAMATE 131I-TOSITUMOMAB (BEXXAR) MISCELLANEOUS RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS OF CLINICAL INTEREST 111IN-DTPA 133XE GAS CONTENTS 201TL-THALLOUS CHLORIDE 67GA-CITRATE 32P-SODIUM ORTHOPHOSPHATE 89SR-STRONTIUM CHLORIDE (METASTRON) 153SM-ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAMETHYLENE PHOSPHONIC ACID (QUADRAMET) 57CO- OR 58CO-CYANOCOBALAMIN 51CR-LABELED RED BLOOD CELLS RADIOLABELED LEUKOCYTES AND PLATELETS RADIOLABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES RADIOLABELED PEPTIDES OTHER RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE PET RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 18F-SODIUM FLUORIDE 18F-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE 18F-FLUORODOPA 18F-FLUOROTHYMIDINE 15O-WATER N-15O-BUTANOL 13N-AMMONIA 11C-SODIUM ACETATE 11C-FLUMAZENIL 11C-METHYLSPIPERONE 11C-L-METHIONINE 11C-RACLOPRIDE 82RB-RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE QUALITY CONTROL OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS PHYSICOCHEMICAL TESTS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS PH AND IONIC STRENGTH RADIONUCLIDIC PURITY RADIOCHEMICAL PURITY CHEMICAL PURITY RADIOASSAY BIOLOGICAL TESTS STERILITY APYROGENICITY TOXICITY RECORD KEEPING NUCLEAR PHARMACY CONCEPT DESIGN OF A NUCLEAR PHARMACY USP CHAPTER <797>: PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDING: STERILE PREPARATIONS OPERATION OF A NUCLEAR PHARMACY RECEIVING AND MONITORING OF RADIOACTIVE PACKAGES PREPARATION OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS STORAGE DISPENSING RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL INFECTIOUS WASTE DISPOSAL CENTRALIZED NUCLEAR PHARMACY INTERNAL RADIATION DOSIMETRY RADIATION UNITS RADIATION DOSIMETRY CALCULATION OF RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE RADIATION DOSE IN SI UNITS EFFECTIVE DOSE RADIATION REGULATIONS, PROTECTION, AND USES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG NEW DRUG APPLICATION EXPLORATORY IND RADIOACTIVE DRUG RESEARCH COMMITTEE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RDRC AND EXPLORATORY IND FDA REGULATIONS FOR COMPOUNDING IN NUCLEAR PHARMACIES STATE BOARDS OF PHARMACY NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION AGREEMENT STATES LICENSES ACCREDITATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE FACILITIES RADIATION PROTECTION MEDICAL USES OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONTENTS EUROPEAN REGULATIONS GOVERNING RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS DRUG REGISTRATION GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA IN VITRO AND IN VIVO NONIMAGING TESTS RADIOIMMUNOASSAY PRINCIPLE METHODOLOGY SENSITIVITY AND SPECI?CITY APPLICATION SCHILLING TEST BLOOD VOLUME 125I-SERUM ALBUMIN METHOD 51CR-LABELED RED BLOOD CELL METHOD RED BLOOD CELL SURVIVAL DIAGNOSTIC USES OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES OTHER RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS DIAGNOSIS THYROID LUNG 99MTC-LABELED MACROAGGREGATED ALBUMIN CONTENTS 133XE GAS 99MTC-LABELED AEROSOL LIVER SPLEEN KIDNEY EFFECTIVE RENAL PLASMA FLOW SKELETON HEART 201TL-THALLOUS CHLORIDE 99MTC-SESTAMIBI (CARDIOLITE) OTHER PERFUSION RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS METABOLIC IMAGING OTHER METABOLIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS MYOCARDIAL INFARCT IMAGING CARDIAC INNERVATION IMAGING MISCELLANEOUS IMAGING PROCEDURES TUMOR IMAGING THROMBUS DETECTION LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY GASTRIC EMPTYING IMAGING MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM IMAGING GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING DETECTION IN?AMMATORY DISEASES AND INFECTION IMAGING PARATHYROID IMAGING CONTENTS QUESTIONS MOLECULAR IMAGING METHODOLOGY OF MOLECULAR IMAGING CONVENTIONAL MOLECULAR IMAGING GENE-BASED MOLECULAR IMAGING OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE ANTISENSE PROBES TO IMAGE MRNA REPORTER GENES FOR IMAGING GENE THERAPY GENE DELIVERY SPECI?C DISEASES NANOPARTICLE IMAGING THERAPEUTIC USES OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM TREATMENT OF THYROID CANCER WHOLE-BODY IMAGING TREATMENT WITH 131I TREATMENT OF BONE PAIN 153SM-EDTMP (QUADRAMET) TREATMENT OF LIVER CANCER 90Y-THERASPHERES 90Y-SIR-SPHERES (SIR-TEX) TREATMENT OF NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA 90Y-IBRITUMOMAB TIUXETAN (ZEVALIN) POLYCYTHEMIA VERA AND LEUKEMIA PRETARGETED RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER ADVERSE REACTIONS TO AND ALTERED BIODISTRIBUTION OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS ADVERSE REACTIONS IATROGENIC ALTERATIONS IN THE BIODISTRIBUTION OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS