NEUROSCIENCE: DISCOVERING THE BRAIN
CHAPTER 1 STUDYING THE NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF HUMANS AND OTHER ANIMALS OVERVIEW GENETICS, GENOMICS, AND THE BRAIN THE CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS NEUROGLIAL CELLS CELLULAR DIVERSITY IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURAL CIRCUITS OVERALL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM NEUROANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF NEURAL SYSTEMS FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF NEURAL SYSTEMS ANALYZING COMPLEX BEHAVIOR BOX A BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES SUMMARY CONTENTS UNIT I NEURAL SIGNALING CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICAL SIGNALS OF NERVE CELLS ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS ACROSS NERVE CELL MEMBRANES HOW IONIC MOVEMENTS PRODUCE ELECTRICAL SIGNALS THE FORCES THAT CREATE MEMBRANE POTENTIALS ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM IN AN ENVIRONMENT WITH MORE THAN ONE PERMEANT ION THE IONIC BASIS OF THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL BOX A THE REMARKABLE GIANT NERVE CELLS OF SQUID THE IONIC BASIS OF ACTION POTENTIALS BOX B ACTION POTENTIAL FORM AND NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY IONIC CURRENTS ACROSS NERVE CELL MEMBRANES BOX A THE VOLTAGE CLAMP METHOD TWO TYPES OF VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT IONIC CURRENT TWO VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT MEMBRANE CONDUCTANCES RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL LONG-DISTANCE SIGNALING BY MEANS OF ACTION POTENTIALS BOX B THRESHOLD BOX C PASSIVE MEMBRANE PROPERTIES THE REFRACTORY PERIOD INCREASED CONDUCTION VELOCITY AS A RESULT OF MYELINATION BOX D MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS CHAPTER 4 CHANNELS AND TRANSPORTERS ION CHANNELS UNDERLYING ACTION POTENTIALS BOX A THE PATCH CLAMP METHOD THE DIVERSITY OF ION CHANNELS BOX B EXPRESSION OF ION CHANNELS IN XENOPUS OOCYTES VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNELS LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNELS STRETCH- AND HEAT-ACTIVATED CHANNELS THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF ION CHANNELS BOX C TOXINS THAT POISON ION CHANNELS BOX D DISEASES CAUSED BY ALTERED ION CHANNELS ACTIVE TRANSPORTERS CREATE AND MAINTAIN ION GRADIENTS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE NA+/K+ PUMP THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF THE NA+/K+ PUMP CHAPTER 5 SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES SIGNAL TRANSMISSION AT CHEMICAL SYNAPSES PROPERTIES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS BOX A CRITERIA THAT DEFINE A NEUROTRANSMITTER QUANTAL RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS RELEASE OF TRANSMITTERS FROM SYNAPTIC VESICLES LOCAL RECYCLING OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES THE ROLE OF CALCIUM IN TRANSMITTER SECRETION BOX B DISEASES THAT AFFECT THE PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TRANSMITTER SECRETION NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS BOX C TOXINS THAT AFFECT TRANSMITTER RELEASE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY CHANGES DURING SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS SUMMATION OF SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS TWO FAMILIES OF POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTORS CHAPTER 6 NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR RECEPTORS CATEGORIES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS ACETYLCHOLINE BOX A ADDICTION BOX B NEUROTOXINS THAT ACT ON POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTORS GLUTAMATE BOX C MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPSES GABA AND GLYCINE BOX D EXCITOTOXICITY FOLLOWING ACUTE BRAIN INJURY THE BIOGENIC AMINES BOX E BIOGENIC AMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS ATP AND OTHER PURINES PEPTIDE NEUROTRANSMITTERS UNCONVENTIONAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS BOX F MARIJUANA AND THE BRAIN CHAPTER 7 MOLECULAR SIGNALING WITHIN NEURONS STRATEGIES OF MOLECULAR SIGNALING THE ACTIVATION OF SIGNALING PATHWAYS RECEPTOR TYPES G-PROTEINS AND THEIR MOLECULAR TARGETS SECOND MESSENGERS SECOND MESSENGER TARGETS: PROTEIN KINASES AND PHOSPHATASES NUCLEAR SIGNALING EXAMPLES OF NEURONAL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION