MICROWAVES AND THERMOREGULATION
I Dosimetry of high frequency electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz) 1 I1 SUMMARY3 I11 Sources3 I12 Measurement3 I13 Interaction mechanisms 5 I14 Dosimetry6 I2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 8 I21 Introduction8 I22 Quantities and units 8 I3 SOURCES AND EXPOSURES9 I31 Introduction9 I32 Natural high frequency fields 9 I33 Man-made fields 11 I34 Exposure systems for laboratory studies 29 I4 RF MEASUREMENT34 I41 Introduction34 I42 Principles of measurements 34 I43 Characteristics of Electromagnetic Fields 35 I44 Instrumentation 39 I45 Calibration of external field measurement equipment 44 I5 MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION46 I51 RF exposure and coupling into biological systems 46 I52 Biophysical mechanisms of interaction48 I6 DOSIMETRY 52 I61 Introduction52 I62 Biological models and materials53 I63 Dosimetry of contact and induced currents 55 I64 Specific absorption rates (SAR) 57 I65 Temperature elevation 60 I66 Uncertainties of RF dosimetry62 I67 Other topics63 I7 REFERENCES 70 II Review of Experimental Studies of RF Biological Effects (100 kHz – 300 GHz) 90 II1 INTRODUCTION91 II2 BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR INTERACTION MECHANISMS92 II21 Biophysical studies93 CONTENTS II22 Biochemical studies94 II23 Summary on mechanisms96 II3 CELLULAR STUDIES96 II31 Introduction 96 II32 Genotoxicity 98 II33 Studies on non genotoxic cellular effects113 II34 Cell transformation146 II35 Summary on cellular studies 148 II4 ANIMAL STUDIES149 II41 Genotoxicity 149 II42 Cancer153 II43 Reproduction and development175 II44 Nervous system 180 II45 Auditory system 196 II46 Endocrine system 197 II47 Cardiovascular system199 II48 Immunology and hematology203 II49 Skin206 II410 Eye208 II411 Summary on animal studies 211 II5 HUMAN STUDIES212 II51 Nervous system 213 II52 Endocrine system 245 II53 Cardiovascular function and thermoregulation 249 II54 Summary on human studies 257 II6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS259 II61 Summary259 II62 Conclusions 260 II7 REFERENCES262 III Epidemiology 305 A Epidemiology of health effects of radiofrequency exposure 305 B Epidemiologic evidence on mobile phone and tumor risk 305 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEALTH EFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY EXPOSURE 307 IIIA1 INTRODUCTION308 IIIA2 EXPOSURE 308 IIIA21 Sources of exposure308 IIIA22 Distribution of exposure in the population309 IIIA23 Epidemiological considerations in exposure assessment 310 IIIA3 MECHANISMS 311 IIIA4 OUTCOMES312 IIIA5 REVIEW OF STUDIES ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE312 IIIA51 Cancer312 IIIA52 Other outcomes 314 IIIA6 REVIEW OF STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE FROM TRANSMITTERS316 IIIA7 REVIEW OF STUDIES ON MOBILE PHONE USE319 IIIA8 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS321 IIIA9 REFERENCES337 EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE ON MOBILE PHONES AND TUMOR RISK: A REVIEW343 IIIB1 METHODOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS344 IIIB11 Exposure Characteristics 344 IIIB12 Tumor location and laterality of tumor in relation to habitual side of phone use345 IIIB13 Induction and latency periods 345 IIIB14 Definition of Cases346 IIIB15 Selection of Controls 346 IIIB16 Response rates 346 IIIB17 Precision of risk estimates347 IIIB2 METHODS OF STUDIES 347 IIIB3 GLIOMA: RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION350 IIIB4 MENINGIOMA: RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION351 IIIB5 ACOUSTIC NEUROMA: RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 352 IIIB6 SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS: RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION353 IIIB7 CONCLUSIONS 353 IIIB8 REFERENCES355