MILITARY GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY
1 The Complexity of Threats against National Security 1 Reference 8 2 Systems Engineering and Weapon Systems Acquisition Strategy of the US Department of Defense and National Security 9 21 Introduction 9 211 System Engineering Definition 9 2111 Affordability 14 2112 Systems Engineering Processes 15 212 Systems Engineering Policy and Guidance 17 213 Systems Engineering Plan 18 214 System-Level Considerations 19 2141 Department of Defense Application of Systems Engineering to System of Systems 19 2142 Software 19 21421 Software Integrated within the Acquisition Life Cycle 24 21422 Factors for Managing Software-Intensive Systems 25 215 Engineering Resources 26 2151 Roles and Responsibilities 26 2152 Stakeholders 27 2153 Integrated Product Teams 28 216 Certifications 28 217 Systems Engineering Role in Contracting 28 22 Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition Process 35 221 System Requirement Analysis and Definition Process 36 2211 Requirements Analysis Process Objectives 37 2212 Requirements Analysis Process 37 2213 Defining, Deriving, and Refining Requirements 37 23 Architecture Definition Process 38 24 Design Considerations 38 241 Accessibility: Section 508 Compliance 44 242 Systems Engineering Trade-Off Analyses 44 243 Anti-Counterfeiting 45 244 Commercial-Off- the- Shelf 45 245 Corrosion Prevention 47 246 Critical Safety Item 49 247 Demilitarization and Disposal 49 248 Diminishing Manufacturing 50 249 Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health 50 2491 ESOH System Design Requirements 50 2492 ESOH in Program Documents 51 2493 ESOH Activities by Phase and Risk Management 51 24931 Hazardous Materials Management 55 24932 Safety Release for Testing 56 24933 Green Procurement Program 56 2410 Human Systems Integration 58 24101 Human Systems Integrations: Integration Focus 60 241011 Integrated Production and Process Development and IPTs 61 2411 Insensitive Munitions 61 2412 Intelligence Life Cycle Mission Data Plan 62 2413 Interoperability and Dependencies 64 2414 Item Unique Identification 64 2415 Modular Open Systems Approach 67 2416 Operational Energy 69 2417 Packaging Handling Storage 70 2418 Producibility, Quality, and Manufacturing Readiness 70 24181 Producibility 70 24182 Quality in Design 71 24183 Assessing Manufacturing Readiness and Risk 72 2419 Reliability and Maintainability Engineering 73 2420 Spectrum Management 75 2421 Standardization 79 2422 Supportability 84 2423 Survivability, CBRN, and Susceptibility 86 2424 System Security Engineering 91 25 Implementation Process 96 251 Design 97 252 Realization 97 26 Integration Process 97 27 Verification Process 98 271 Demonstration 98 272 Examination 98 273 Analysis 98 274 Test 98 28 Validation Process 99 29 Transition Process 99 210 Technical Planning Process 99 2101 Activities and Products 101 2102 Work Breakdown Structure 101 2103 Integrated Master Plan/Integrated Master Schedule 102 211 Decision Analysis Process 103 2111 Activities and Products 105 212 Technical Assessment Process 105 2121 Activities and Products 105 2122 Technical Measurement and Metrics 106 21221 Activities and Products 106 21222 Technical Performance Measures 106 2123 Program Support Assessments 111 213 Requirements Management Process 112 2131 Activities and Products 113 214 Risk Management Process 113 2141 Issue Management 116 2142 Opportunity Management 120 215 Configuration Management Process 120 216 Technical Data Management Process 122 217 Interface Management Process 125 218 Tools, Techniques, and Lessons Learned 128 2181 Modeling and Simulation 128 2182 Sustainability Analysis 131 2183 Value Engineering 135 2184 Lessons Learned, Best Practices, and Case Studies 138 219 Test and Evaluation 138 2191 Development Test and Evaluation 141 2192 Operational Test and Evaluation 141 2193 Live Fire Test and Evaluation 142 2194 Integrated Test and Evaluation 143 220 Life Cycle Management 146 2201 Life Cycle Sustainment in the Defense Acquisition Management System 157 2202 Physical Configuration Audit 201 221 System of Systems Engineering 205 222 Acquisition of Information Technology and Computing Infrastructure 205 223 The DoD Information Enterprise Architecture 208 2231 Data and Services Deployment 210 2232 Secured Availability 210 2233 Shared Infrastructure Environment 210 2234 Communication Readiness 211 2235 NetOps Agility (NOA) 211 2236 The Enterprise-Wide Network and Collaboration Services 211 2237 Active Directory Optimization Reference Architecture 212 2238 Core Data Center Reference Architecture 212 2239 Unified Capabilities Reference Architecture 212 224 The DoD Architecture Framework 213 2241 The DM2 Conceptual Data Model 214 2242 DoDAF Viewpoints and Models 214 2243 Architecture Interrogatives 219 2244 Architecture Presentation Techniques 221 2245 DoDAF Configuration Management 221 225 Global Information Grid 222 226 Interoperability of Information Technology and the National Security System 222 227 DoD Net-Centric Data Strategy 222 228 Information Support Plan 223 229 Information Assurance 225 230 The Clinger-Cohen Act 227 231 Space Mission Architecture, Space Policy, and Resident Space Object 228 232 Intelligence Analysis Support to Acquisition 231 2321 Threat Intelligence Support 231 233 Implications 233 References 233 3 System of Systems Engineering 249 31 Introduction 249 32 Exploration of Systems of Systems Activities 249 321 Army Battle Command System 255 322 Air Operation Center 257 323 Missile Defense System 259 324 US Coast Guard Command and Control Convergence 267 325 Common Aviation Command and Control System 268 326 Air Force Distributed Common Ground Station 269 327 DoD Intelligence Information System 270 328 Future Combat System 272 329 Army’s Program Executive Office Ground Combat Systems 275 3210 Military Satellite Communications 275 3211 Naval Integrated Fire Control–Counter Air 275 3212 National Security Agency 278 3213 Naval Surface Warfare Center–Dahlgren Division 278 3214 Single Integrated Air Picture 279 3215 Space and Missile Systems Center 280 3216 Space Radar 280 3217 Theater Joint Tactical Networks 281 3218 Theater Medical Information Program–Joint 282 33 Implications 282 34 Systems of Systems Engineering 285 References 304 4 Modern Predictive Analytics and Big Data Systems Engineering: Methods, Principles, Theories, and Applications 309 41 Introduction 309 42 Data Mining and Predictive Analytics 310 43 Predictive Analytics Techniques 312 44 Predictive Models 313 45 Challenges of Predictive Analytics 313 46 Modeling Process 314 47 Statistical Distribution 314 471 Uniform Distribution 314 472 Laplace–Gauss Distribution 315 4721 Asymptotic Series of the Normal Distribution 316 4722 The Multivariate Gaussian Distribution 317 4723 The Bivariate Normal Distribution 321 473 Lognormal Distribution 325 474 ? (Gamma) Distribution 326 475 Chi-Squared ? 2 Distribution 328 476 Non-Central Chi-Squared Distribution 332 477 Student’s t-Distribution 336 478 Multivariate t-Distribution 339 479 F-Distribution 341 4710 Poisson Distribution 342 4711 Binomial Distribution 343 4712 Exponential Distribution 344 4713 Geometric Distribution 344 4714 Hypergeometric Distribution 345 4715 Inverse Gaussian Distribution 346 4716 Normal Inverse Gaussian Distribution 347 4717 Negative Binomial Distribution 350 48 Regression 351 481 Linear Regression 351 482 Ordinary Least-Squares Regression 352 483 Coefficients of Linear Regression 358 484 Regression on Weighted Data 360 485 Incrementally Updating a Regression Model 364 486 Partitioned Regression Model 365 487 The Change of Regression Analysis Due to the Inclusion of One or More Variables 365 488 Linearly Restricted Least-Squares Regression 367 489 The Significance of the Correlation Coefficient 369 4810 Partial Correlation 369 4811 Ridge Regression 370 4812 Principal Component Regression 370 49 Overview of Big Data 371 410 Definition of Big Data 372 4101 Big Data Architecture and Patterns 372 41011 Classifying Mission and Business Problems According to Big Data Type 372 41012 Classifying Big Data Characteristics 372 41013 Determining Big Data Solution 374 410131 Incrementally Implementation of Big Data 374 41014 Logical Layers 377 410141 Big Data Sources 378 4101411 Apache Hadoop and Hadoop Distributed File System 378 4101412 MapReduce Frameworks and YARN 380 41014121 Zookeepter 380 41014122 Hive 380 41014123 Pig 381 41014124 Mahout 381 4101413 SQL on Hadoop 382 41014131 Cloudera Impala Solution 382 41014132 MapR 383 41014133 Hortonworks Data Platform 383 41014134 Amazon EMR Hive 383 41014135 Actian Analytics Platform 384 41014136 Apache Spark, Oozie, Phoenix, Flink, Zeppelin, Presto, Hue, and Tez 384 41014137 Facebook Presto 385 41014138 Google BigQuery 385 41014139 IBM BigInsights 385 410141310 MapR Drill 385 4101414 NoSQL 385 41014141 Apache HBase 386 41014142 Apache Cassandra 386 41014143 MongoDB 386 4101415 Search 387 41014151 Apache Solr 387 41014152 Splunk 387 410142 Data Massaging and Store Layer 388 4101421 Data Acquisition 388 4101422 Data Digest 388 4101423 Distributed Data Storage 388 410143 Data Analysis Layer 388 4101431 Analysis-Layer Entity Identification 388 4101432 Analysis Mechanism 389 4101433 Model Management 389 410144 Data Consumption Layer 389 410145 Vertical Layers 389 4101451 Information Integration 389 4101452 Big Data Governance 389 4101453 Quality Service Layer 389 4101454 Systems Management 390 41015 Atomic and Composite Patterns for Big Data Solutions 390 410151 Atomic Patterns 390 4101511 Data Consumption Patterns 390 41015111 Visualization Pattern 392 41015112 Ad Hoc Discovery Pattern 392 41015113 Data Warehouse Augmentation 392 41015114 Notification Pattern 392 41015115 Initiate an Automated Response Pattern 392 4101512 Processing Patterns 392 41015121 Historical Data Analysis Pattern 392 41015122 Advanced Analytics Pattern 393 41015123 Preprocess Raw Data Pattern 393 41015124 Ad Hoc Analysis Pattern 393 410152 Access Patterns 393 4101521 Internet and Social Media Access Pattern 393 4101522 Device-Generated Data Patterns 393 4101523 Transactional, Operational, and Warehouse Data Pattern 396 410153 Storage Patterns 396 410154 Composite Patterns 397 4101541 Store and Explore Pattern 397 4101542 Purposeful and Predictable Analysis Composite Pattern 397 4101543 Actionable Assessment Pattern 397 41016 Solution Pattern Application to Big Data 400 410161 Solution Pattern: Initial Stage 400 410162 Solution Pattern: Acquire Advanced Mission Insight 403 410163 Solution Pattern: Take Advanced Action 406 4102 Data Provenance 406 411 Implications 409 References 410 5 Defense Information, Communication, and Space Technology 415 51 Introduction 415 511 Space and US National Security 415 512 International Space Cooperation 416 513 National Security Space Guidelines 416 514 Defense Operation in Space 417 5141 Outer Space 417 51411 Understanding Single Stage-to-Orbit Vehicle 418 51412 Multistage Rockets 420 5142 Trajectory and Orbit Principles 421 51421 Orbital Parameters 423 514211 Ascending and Descending Nodes 423 514212 Equinoxes 423 514213 Solstices 424 514214 Apogee 424 514215 Perigee 424 514216 Eccentricity 424 514217 Semi-major axis 425 514218 Right Ascension of the Ascending Node 425 514219 Inclination 427 5142110 Argument of the Perigee 427 5142111 True Anomaly of the Satellite 427 5142112 Angles Defining the Direction of the Satellite 429 51422 Low Earth Orbit 429 51423 Medium Earth Orbit 429 51424 High Earth Orbit 429 514241 Constellations 430 51425 Geosynchronous Orbit 430 51426 Molniya Orbits 430 51427 Semi-Synchronous Orbit 431 51428 Super-Synchronous Orbit 431 5143 Communications and Information Technology for National Security 431 515 Orbital Debris 434 5151 The Challenge of Space Debris and Threat to National Security from Space 434 5152 Sabotage on Ground Platforms 435 5153 Interceptor Antisatellite Weapons 435 51531 Space Mines 436 51532 Space-to-Space Missiles 436 51533 Stand-Off Weapons, High Energy Laser, Particle Beam, Radio Frequency, and Directed Energy 436 516 Effective Export Policies and Classification 438 52 Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Interference Detection 438 521 Precise Time and Time Interval 439 5211 Leap Second Time 440 53 Tactical Data Link 440 531 Link-16 440 5311 Time Slot Allocation and Reallocation 441 5312 Link-16 Enhanced Throughput (LET) 441 5313 Multi-TADIL Processors 451 5314 Software-Defined Radios 451 54 Understanding Space Satellites 451 541 Communication Satellites 451 542 Weather Forecasting Satellites 451 543 Navigational Satellites 452 544 Earth Observation Satellites 452 55 Satellites for Defense Action 456 551 US Military Communication Satellites 456 552 Russian Military Communication Satellites 457 553 Other Foreign Military Satellites 458 554 Reconnaissance Satellites 459 555 SIGINT Satellites 459 556 Early Warning Satellites 459 557 Military Weather Forecasting Satellites 459 56 Directed Energy for Defeating Antisatellite Weapons and Missiles 459 561 Directed Energy Laser Weapon Components 460 562 Key Design Parameters 462 5621 Operational Wavelength 462 5622 Beam Quality 462 5623 Telescope Aperture 462 5624 Transmission 462 5625 Scalability and Modularity 462 5626 Laser Sources 463 563 Gas Dynamic CO2 Laser 463 564 Chemical Lasers 463 565 Chemical Oxy-Iodine Laser 463 566 Solid-State Lasers 463 567 Fiber Lasers 466 568 Beam Control Technology 466 57 Implications 466 References 467 6 Fundamentals of Control Systems Engineering 471 61 Introduction 471 611 Control System Definition and Boundary 471 62 Basic Principles of Control Systems 472 621 Control Algorithms 473 622 Digital Control 479 6221 State-Space Representation 481 6222 Transfer-Operator Representation 482 623 Open-Loop Control 483 624 Feedback Control 484 6241 Robustness 484 625 Closed-Loop Control 486 626 Feedforward Control 486 627 Multiple-Loop Control 487 628 Disturbance Representation 488 6281 Pole-Placement Design 489 6282 Linear-Quadratic Design 490 6283 Minimum-Time Switching Control 491 6284 Minimum-Variance Design 492 6285 Model-Feedback Control 494 6286 Algebraic Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Design 494 6287 Anti-Alias Filtering 497 629 Comparison and Examples of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control Systems 498 6210 Adaptive Control 498 6211 Pattern Recognition and Expert Systems and Performance-Feedback Adaptor 499 6212 Continuous-Model Identification and Open-Loop Adaptation 501 6213 Batch Parameter Identification: Least-Squares Method 502 6214 Kalman Filter and Recursive Parameter Identification 502 63 Implications 503 References 504 7 Missile Systems Engineering: Design, Guidance, and Control 507 71 Introduction 507 72 Aerodynamic Design Considerations 507 721 Classifications of Missiles 507 7211 Air-to-Air Missile 507 7212 Surface-to-Air Missile 510 7213 Air-to-Surface Missile 510 7214 Surface-to-Surface Missile 511 7215 Air-to-Subsurface Missile 511 722 Design and Control 511 7221 Wing Control 511 7222 Canard Control 514 7223 Tail Control 514 7224 Tailless 515 7225 Body Extension 515 7226 Nose-Flap Control 515 7227 Dorsal 515 7228 Jet Control 515 7229 Monowing 516 72210 Triform 516 72211 Cruciform 516 73 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airframe Components 516 731 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airframe Components and Bodies of Revolution 518 732 Conical Forebody 520 733 Ogival Forebody 523 734 Hemispherical Forebody 526 735 Other Forebody Shapes 526 736 Mid-Section 527 737 Boattail 529 738 Base Pressure 530 739 Aerodynamics Characteristics of Bodies of Revolution 531 7310 Aerodynamics of Airfoil and Wing 532 7311 Aspect Ratio 536 7312 Wing Planform 539 7313 Airfoil Sections 542 7314 Wing Area 542 7315 Subsonic Characteristics of Airfoil 543 7316 Aerodynamic Controls 545 73161 Wing Control 545 73162 Canard Control 545 73163 Tail Control 545 73164 Lateral Control 545 7317 Jet Controls 545 74 Missile Performance 547 741 Friction Drag 547 742 Pressure Drag 549 7421 Body 549 7422 Wing 549 743 Induced Drag 550 744 Interference Drag 550 745 Boost-Glide Trajectory 550 7451 Graphical Solution 550 746 Boost-Sustain Trajectory 553 747 Long-Range Cruise Trajectory 554 7471 Maximum Speed 554 7472 Rate of Climb 554 7473 Time of Climb 556 7474 Stall Speed 557 7475 Maximum Range 558 748 Long-Range Ballistic Trajectory 558 7481 Powered Flight 559 7482 Unpowered Flight 559 7483 Design Considerations 560 75 Static Longitudinal Stability and Control 561 751 Two-Degree-of-Freedom Analysis 561 752 Complete Missile Aerodynamics for a Forward Control 561 753 Static Stability Margin for a Forward Control 564 754 Load-Factor Capability for a Forward Control 565 755 Complete Missile Aerodynamics for Rear Control 566 756 Static Stability Margin for a Rear Control 567 757 Load-Factor Capability for Rear Control 567 76 Maneuvering Flight 567 761 Cruciform 567 762 Monowing 568 763 Pull-Ups 569 764 Relationship of Maneuverability and Static Stability Margin 569 77 Directional Stability and Control 570 771 Cruciform Configuration 572 772 Body Contribution 572 773 Wing Contribution 573 774 Tail Contribution 573 775 Directional Control 574 78 Lateral Stability and Control 574 781 Induced Roll-Cruciform 574 782 Lateral Control-Cruciform 576 783 Damping in Roll 576 79 Dynamic Stability 577 791 Equations of Motion 579 792 Longitudinal Dynamics 580 7921 Two Degrees of Freedom 580 7922 Three Degrees of Freedom 582 710 Aerodynamic Heating 582 711 Ground Launch 584 712 Range Safety 584 713 Shipboard and Underwater Launches 584 References 584 8 Risk Management Framework of the US Department of Defense and National Security 591 81 Introduction 591 82 DoD Risk Management Framework Procedures 592 821 Risk Management of IS and PIT Systems and Knowledge Service 594 8211 Considerations for Special System Configurations 594 82111 Information System and Platform Information Technology Systems Implementing a Cross Domain Solution 595 82112 ISs and PIT Systems Providing Unified Capabilities 595 82113 Authorization 603 82114 Stand-Alone IS and PIT System 604 82115 DoD-Controlled IS and PIT Systems Operated by a Contractor or Other Entity on Behalf of the DoD 604 82116 DoD Partnered Systems 604 82117 OSD Systems 604 8212 Authorization Approaches 605 822 Risk Management of IT Products, Services, and PIT 605 8221 IT Products 605 8222 IT Services 605 8223 PIT 606 83 DoD RMF STEPS 606 831 Security Authorization Documentation 616 832 Step 1: Categorize System 616 833 Step 2: Select Security Controls 620 8331 Common Control Identification 620 8332 Security Control Baseline and Overlay Selection 620 8333 Monitoring Strategy 621 8334 Security Plan and System-Level Continuous Monitoring Strategy Review and Approval 621 834 Step 3: Implement Security Controls 621 835 Step 4: Assess Security Controls 622 8351 Security Plan 623 836 Step 5: Authorize the System 626 837 Step 6: Monitor Security Controls 626 84 DoD RMF Governance 630 841 Tier 1 Organization 633 842 Tier 2 Mission/Business Process 635 843 Tier 3 IS and PIT Systems 636 85 Cybersecurity Reciprocity 637 86 Integrating the RMF into the Defense Acquisition Management System 640 References 642 9 Mechanics of the Mind under Uncertainty and Cognitive Illusion Involving Risk Assessment in National Security 645 91 Introduction 645 92 Dynamics of the Human Mind in National Security, Politics, and Public Perception 645 93 What Is Risk? 647 931 Three Fundamental Domains to Characterize Risk 647 9311 Event Space Domain 647 9312 Probability–Consequence Domain 648 9313 Consequence–Value Domain 648 932 Flow Psychology in Risk Assessment for Homeland Security and Defense Operations 648 9321 Characteristics of Creative Flow in Performing Risk Assessment 649 94 Modern Elements of Risk Assessment 649 941 First Element of Risk Assessment: Risk Identification 649 942 Second Element of Risk Assessment: Risk Estimation 649 943 Third Element of Risk Assessment: Risk Evaluation 650 944 Event Data 652 95 Risk Estimation and Risk Factors 652 951 Risk Rate Evaluation for Societal Risk 652 952 Life Expectancy Models 654 96 Fault Tree Analysis 655 961 Fault Tree Construction 657 962 Dependence 658 97 Hazard Determination 658 971 Safety Audits and Process Safety Management 658 972 Management System Audits 660 973 Understanding Physical and Chemical Properties 660 974 Impurities 661 98 Hazard Analysis 661 981 Fatal Accident Frequency Rate 662 982 Pipeline Fracture in Mission-Critical Facility 662 983 Hazardous Area Classification 662 99 Identification of Hazards Related to Terrorism and Disaster 662 910 Guidance for Conducting Risk Assessments of US Federal Information Systems and Organizations 664 9101 Key Risk Concepts 665 9102 Risk Models 665 91021 Threats 665 91022 Vulnerabilities and Predisposing Conditions 666 91023 Likelihood 666 91024 Impact 667 91025 Aggregation 667 911 Standard Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 667 9111 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Risk Analysis and Management 667 91111 Risk Matrices 668 91112 FMECAs, FMEAs, and Fault Trees 668 91113 NASA Probabilistic Risk Assessment 669 9112 Standard Homeland Security Risk Assessment and RAMCAP Plus Processes 669 91121 Fatalities and Serious Injuries 671 91122 Financial and Economic Impacts 671 91123 Vulnerability Analysis 673 91124 Threat Assessment 674 91125 Risk and Resilience Assessment 675 91126 Risk and Resilience Management 675 9113 Department of Defense Components and Organizations’ Risk Reporting 676 91131 The Risk Reporting Matrix 676 91132 Security Risk Categories 677 9114 CARVER Matrix 679 91141 Criticality 679 91142 Accessibility 679 91143 Recuperability 680 91144 Vulnerability 681 91145 Effect 681 91146 Recognizability 681 9115 CARVER + Shock 681 9116 Model-Based Vulnerability Analysis 682 9117 Federal Emergency Management Agency HAZUS-MH 683 9118 Development of Prospect Theory 684 91181 Expected Utility Theory 684 91182 Prospect Theory 684 9119 Prospect Theory 685 91191 Framing Effects 685 91192 Nonlinear Preferences 685 91193 Source Dependence 685 91194 Risk Seeking 685 91195 Loss Aversion 685 91110 Cumulative Prospect Theory 685 912 Systematic Methodology to Dispel Cognitive Biases and Improve Judgment Involving National Security and Defense 686 9121 Singular and Distributional Data 689 9122 Regression and Intuitive Prediction 690 9123 Five Corrective Processes for Prediction 691 91231 Establishment of a Reference Class 691 91232 Assessment of the Distribution for the Reference Class 691 91233 Intuitive Estimation 692 91234 Analysis of Predictability 692 91235 Correction of the Intuitive Estimate 693 913 Risk Acceptability 695 9131 Public Perception of Risk and Intuitive Judgment 695 91311 Voluntary or Involuntary 698 91312 Discounting Time 698 91313 Identifiability of Taking a Statistical Risk 699 91314 Controllability 699 91315 Avoidability of Risks 699 91316 Position in Hierarchy of Consequence 699 91317 Ordinary or Catastrophic 700 91318 Natural or Man-Originated 700 91319 Magnitude of Probability of Occurrence 700 9132 Assessment of Risk Acceptability 700 9133 Quantitative Revealed Societal Preference Method 700 91331 Risky Behavior and Risk Attitude 701 91332 Establishing Risk Comparison Factors 702 91333 Controllability of Risks 702 91334 Perceived Degree of Control 702 91335 System Control in Risk Reduction 702 913351 Systemic Control of Risk 702 913352 Control Factors 703 91336 Controllability of New Technological Systems 703 9134 Cost–Benefit Analysis 703 9135 Prerequisites for Risk Acceptance of Terrorist Attacks and Disaster 705 91351 Requirement for a Methodology 705 9136 Establishing the Risk Referent 706 91361 Multiple Risk Referents 706 91362 Risk Proportionality Factor Derivation from Risk References 706 91363 Risk Proportionality Derating Factors 706 91364 Degree of Systemic Control 706 91365 Conversion of a Risk Reference to a Risk Referent 707 914 Dynamics of the Mind and Nuclear Crisis Management 708 9141 Definition of Nuclear Crisis Management 709 9142 The Procedure of Managing Nuclear Crises 709 9143 Challenges in Nuclear Crisis Management 710 915 Implications 710 References 710 10 Command, Control, and Communication (C3) Systems Engineering and Artificial Intelligence 715 101 Introduction 715 102 Design Principles of Command, Control, and Communication Systems 715 1021 The Command and Control 715 10211 The Command and Control (C2) System 716 102111 Perception Process and Artificial Intelligence Application 716 102112 Theoretical/Empirical/Idealized Command Method 718 102113 Theoretical/Empirical/Idealized Control Process 719 10212 Heuristic Understanding of Basic Proposal Analysis Cycle 719 102121 In Planning Mode 719 102122 In Monitor Mode 719 102123 Understanding Objectives and Effectiveness 720 10213 Hierarchic Command 721 102131 Hybrid Tasking 721 102132 Simplified Model 722 10214 Concept of Advanced Command and Control 722 10215 Command Decisions 727 10216 Distributed Command and Coordination 728 102161 Distributed Command 728 102162 Coordination 728 103 Command, Control, and Communication (C3) Effectiveness 730 1031 Approach and Techniques 731 10311 Modeling Effectiveness and Mapping of System Design Options 732 1032 Information Flows 734 10321 Analysis Steps 734 10322 Generic Entity Module 734 10323 Entity Hierarchy 735 10324 Command Response Time 736 10325 Assumptions 736 10326 Validation 736 10327 Action Command Staffs 736 10328 Sensitivity Analysis 736 10329 Information Shock Experiment 736 103210 Transition Planning 737 104 Systems Design and Data Management 738 1041 Combat System Design Process 742 1042 Gateway 745 105 Implication of the Complexity of Command and Control and Artificial Intelligence 745 References 745 11 Special Topic: Improvised Explosive Devices and Weather Modification to Mitigate Terrorism and Disaster 746 111 Background 746 112 Existing Methods to Defeat Land Mines and IEDs 746 1121 Weapons Technological Intelligence 746 1122 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Microwave Technology 747 1123 Foot Patrols 747 1124 Lasers to Find Land Mines and IEDs 747 1125 Laser Drilling and Analyzing System 747 1126 Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers 748 1127 Dogs for IED Detectors 748 1128 Radio Signal 748 1129 Talon II Remote Controlled-Robot or Intelligent-Robots 748 113 Introduction to Intelligent Systems and Weather Modification 748 1131 Artificial Environmental and Weather Modification 749 1132 Cryogenics for Deactivation and Deactivation of Land Mines and Improvised Explosive Devices 749 11321 Artificial Weather and Environmental Modification of Security and Defense 749 113211 International Programs Related to Weather Modification 751 113212 Weather Modification for Defense Applications and Regulations 751 113213 Federal Support of Weather and Climate Modification 752 1133 Understanding Environmental and Weather Modification 752 11331 Storm Modification 753 11332 Hurricane Modification 754 11333 Cryogenics and Intelligent Explosive Devices 756 11334 Understanding Cryogenics 756 11335 Affordability and Availability 756 11336 Nuclear Radiation Testing of Power Plants and Weapons Using Cryogenics 757 11337 Cryogenic Technology for Homeland Security and Defense Applications 757 113371 Cryogenics for Infrared Missiles 757 1134 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 760 1135 Unmanned Ground Systems 760 114 Implications 760 References 760