ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
CONTENTS 1 MICROBIAL ENDOPHYTES’ ASSOCIATION AND APPLICATION IN PLANT HEALTH: AN OVERVIEW 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 MICROBIAL ENDOPHYTES 1 2 1 ANALYSIS OF ENDOPHYTES 1 2 2 TRANSMISSION OF ENDOPHYTES 1 2 3 VISUALIZATION OF ENDOPHYTES INSIDE PLANT TISSUE 1 3 APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL ENDOPHYTES 1 3 1 PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR AND NUTRIENT MANAGER 1 3 2 MICROBIAL BIOFERTILIZER 1 3 3 PHYTOREMEDIATION THROUGH ENDOPHYTES 1 3 4 ENDOPHYTES AS PHYTOSTIMULATOR 1 3 5 ROLE OF ENDOPHYTES IN PHYTOVOLATILIZATION 1 3 6 PLANT DISEASE PROTECTOR 1 4 MAJOR CONSTRAINS AND FUTURE PROSPECTUS REFERENCES 2 ENDOPHYTES: A POTENTIAL BIOAGENT FOR PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 COLONIZATION OF ENDOPHYTES 2 3 DIVERSITY OF MICROBES IN THE MEDICINAL PLANT 2 3 1 MEDICINAL PLANT-ASSOCIATED FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE 2 3 2 MEDICINAL PLANT-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA 2 4 ECOLOGY OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT-ASSOCIATED MICROBIOME 2 4 1 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MEDICINAL PLANT AND ASSOCIATED FUNGI 2 5 PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2 6 VOLATILE AND NON-VOLATILE COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY ENDOPHYTES FOR PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2 6 1 VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM ENDOPHYTES 2 6 2 NON-VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM ENDOPHYTES 2 7 THE MECHANISM OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2 7 1 MYCOPARASITISM 2 7 2 ANTIBIOSIS 2 7 3 INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE 2 7 4 COMPETITION 2 7 5 OTHER MECHANISMS 2 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 ROLE OF BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES IN PLANT STRESS TOLERANCE: CURRENT RESEARCH AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 ROLE OF BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES UNDER BIOTIC STRESS IN PLANTS 3 2 1 FUNGI 3 2 2 BACTERIA AND VIRUS 3 2 3 NEMATODES, INSECTS AND PLANTS 3 3 ROLE OF BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES UNDER ABIOTIC STRESS IN PLANTS 3 3 1 SALINITY 3 3 2 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC POLLUTION 3 3 3 CLIMATIC STRESS 3 4 INOCULANT FORMULATIONS TO USE ENDOPHYTES AS A BIOTOOL FOR PLANT STRESS RELIEF 3 5 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 4 ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA TO CONTROL PLANT VIRUSES: AN OVERVIEW 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 THE PHENOMENON OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROORGANISMS 4 2 1 COLONIZATION OF PLANTS AND TRANSMISSION OF ENDOPHYTES 4 2 2 METHODS OF ENDOPHYTES’ INVESTIGATION 4 3 PLANT VIRUSES AND VIRAL DISEASES 4 3 1 MODERN APPROACHES TO CONTROL VIRAL INFECTIONS IN PLANTS 4 4 PLANT PROTECTION USING ENDOPHYTIC MICROORGANISMS 4 5 ENDOPHYTIC MICROORGANISMS AND SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE TO VIRUSES 4 6 INFLUENCE OF PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING STRAINS OF MICROORGANISMS ON VIRUS VECTORS 4 7 THE DIRECT INFLUENCE OF ENDOPHYTES ON VIRAL PARTICLES 4 8 CONCLUSION 5 THE POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTES TO SUSTAIN PLANT PERFORMANCE IN A CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 WHAT ARE ENDOPHYTES? 5 3 ISOLATION OF MICROBIAL ENDOPHYTES 5 4 ENDOPHYTESHOST PLANT INTERACTIONS 5 5 BENEFICIAL KEY ROLES OF ENDOPHYTES AS A BIOCONTROL AGENT 5 6 MECHANISMS OF ENDOPHYTES AS BIOFERTILIZERS 5 7 POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTES TO STIMULATE HOST DEFENSE MECHANISMS 5 8 BIO-COMPOUNDS PRODUCED IN THE ENDOPHYTE- PLANT SYNERGY AGAINST BIOTIC STRESSES 5 9 COMPOUNDS THAT MAY IMPROVE ENDOPHYTIC COLONIZATION AND FACTORS WOULD DIMINISH MICROBIAL PERFORMANCE 5 10 INFLUENCE OF ENDOPHYTES IN PLANT RESPONSES TO ABIOTIC STRESSES FOR A SUSTAINABLE REMEDY TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION 5 11 MICROBIAL ENDOPHYTES’ BIOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL 5 12 CONCLUSIONS 6 ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS, THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL, AND ROLE IN GREEN AGRICULTURE 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES 6 3 ENDOPHYTES MICROBES AND HOST PLANT INTERACTION 6 4 ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES RELATED TO MEDICINAL PLANTS 6 5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENDOPHYTES ASSOCIATED WITH MEDICINAL PLANTS 6 6 ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES RELATED TO TOMATO, POTATO, LEGUMES, AND FRUITS 6 7 ROLE OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES IN PLANT GROWTH 6 7 1 ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA 6 7 2 ROLE OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI 6 8 ROLE OF ENDOPHYTES IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION 6 9 MODE OF ACTION OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES IN PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA AND BIOCONTROL, PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION 6 10 MAJOR METABOLITES, ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS ORIGIN FROM AGRICULTURAL IMPORTANT ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES 6 11 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 7 MANGROVE ENDOPHYTES AND THEIR NATURAL METABOLITES: ROLE IN PROMOTING PLANT HEALTH 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 1 1 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 7 1 2 PLANT PESTS AND PATHOGENS 7 1 3 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PLANT DISEASES 7 1 4 PLANT DEFENSE SYSTEMS 7 1 5 ENDOPHYTES AND THEIR ROLE IN PLANT HEALTH 7 2 MANGROVE PLANTS AND THEIR ENDOPHYTES 7 2 1 MANGROVE HABITATS, DISTRIBUTION, AND SIGNIFICANCE 7 2 2 ADAPTABILITY AND DIVERSITY OF MANGROVE PLANTS 7 2 3 ENDOPHYTES FROM MANGROVE PLANTS 7 3 MANGROVE ENDOPHYTES AND THEIR METABOLITES WITH A ROLE IN PLANT HEALTH 7 4 AVICENNIA ENDOPHYTES AND THEIR METABOLITES WITH A ROLE IN PLANT HEALTH 7 4 1 AVICENNIA GERMINANS (BLACK MANGROVE) (SYN AVICENNIA NITIDA) 7 4 2 AVICENNIA MARINA (GRAY OR WHITE MAN- GROVE) 7 5 CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS 8 ROLE OF FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES ON MYCORRHIZAL-PLANT ASSOCIATION AND ITS IMPACT ON PLANT FITNESS 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 1 1 ENDOPHYTES 8 1 2 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI 8 2 BELOWGROUND ROOT ASSOCIATED FUNGI- ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI INTERACTION 8 2 1 DARK SEPTATE ENDOPHYTES 8 2 2 PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING FUNGI 8 3 ABOVEGROUND FUNGAL ENDOPHYTESARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI INTERACTIONS 8 3 1 EPICHLOE¨ ENDOPHYTES 8 3 2 HORIZONTAL-TRANSMITTED LEAF ENDOPHYTES 8 4 CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 POSTHARVEST DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L ) USING ENDOPHYTIC ACTINOBACTERIA AS NATURAL BIOCONTROL AGENT 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 1 1 COMMON POSTHARVEST DISEASES OF TOMATO AND ITS MANAGEMENT 9 2 MAJOR POSTHARVEST DISEASES AND THEIR CAUSATIVE AGENTS 9 2 1 MAJOR FUNGAL POSTHARVEST DISEASES OF TOMATO 9 2 2 MAJOR BACTERIAL POSTHARVEST DISEASES OF TOMATO 9 2 3 MAJOR VIRAL POSTHARVEST DISEASES OF TOMATO 9 2 4 APPROACHES TO CONTROL POSTHARVEST PATHOGEN 9 2 5 PHYSICAL CONTROL 9 2 6 CHEMICAL CONTROL 9 2 7 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 9 2 8 ENDOPHYTES AS EFFICIENT BIOCONTROL AGENT 9 2 9 COLONIZATION OF ENDOPHYTES 9 3 ENDOPHYTIC ACTINOBACTERIA FOR DISEASE SUPPRESSION IN TOMATO 9 4 COMMERCIAL STRAINS OF ACTINOBACTERIA AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET 9 5 FUTURE PROSPECTS 9 6 CONCLUSION FURTHER READING 10 ENDOPHYTE MEDIATED PLANT HEALTH VIA PHYTOHORMONES AND BIOMOLECULES 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 PHYTOHORMONES BY ENDOPHYTES 10 2 1 AUXIN BIOSYNTHESIS 10 2 2 GIBBERELLIN BIOSYNTHESIS 10 2 3 CYTOKININ BIOSYNTHESIS 10 2 4 ABSCISIC ACID 10 2 5 SALICYLIC ACID 10 3 BIOMOLECULES CONTRIBUTED BY ENDOPHYTES 10 3 1 SECONDARY METABOLITES 10 3 2 ENZYMES 10 3 3 METAL CHELATING MOLECULES 10 3 4 ANTIBIOTICS 10 3 5 ANTIOXIDANTS 10 4 MECHANISMS OF ENDOPHYTE MEDIATED DISEASE CONTROL 10 4 1 ENDOPHYTE-MEDIATED ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE 10 4 2 ENDOPHYTE-MEDIATED BIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE 10 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 11 BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES AS BIOINOCULANT: MICROBIAL FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS TOWARD SUSTAINABLE FARMING 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 DIVERSITY OF BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT PLANTS 11 3 ROLE OF BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES AS BIOINOCULANTS IN AGRICULTURE 11 3 1 NITROGEN ASSIMILATION 11 3 2 PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION 11 3 3 SIDEROPHORE PRODUCTION 11 3 4 POTASSIUM (K) SOLUBILIZATION 11 3 5 ZINC (ZN) SOLUBILIZATION 11 3 6 AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLASE UTILIZATION 11 4 APPROACH FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BIOINOCULANTS 11 4 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOINOCULATE FORMULATIONS 11 4 2 ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIAL FORMULATION PREPARATION 11 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 12 ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI OF THE GENUS TALAROMYCES AND PLANT HEALTH 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 NOTES ON TAXONOMY 12 3 ENDOPHYTIC OCCURRENCE OF TALAROMYCES SPECIES 12 4 INTERACTIONS WITH PLANTS 12 4 1 ENDOPHYTIC TALAROMYCES AND PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION 12 4 2 ENDOPHYTIC TALAROMYCES AS ANTAGONISTS OF PLANT PATHOGENS 12 4 3 EXPLOITATION OF BIOACTIVE PROPERTIES OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND ENZYMES 12 5 USE IN CROP PROTECTION 12 6 CONCLUSIONS 13 BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES BY AMALGAMATING MICROBIAL ENDOPHYTES: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 ENDOPHYTES AND NANOPARTICLES 13 2 1 ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES AS BIO-FACTORIES OF NANOPARTICLES 13 3 ISOLATION TECHNIQUE OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROORGANISM 13 4 NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS BY AMALGAMATING ENDOPHYTIC MICROORGANISMS 13 4 1 THE AMALGAMATION OF BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES 13 4 2 THE AMALGAMATION OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI 13 4 3 THE AMALGAMATION OF ENDOPHYTIC ACTINOMYCETES 13 5 EFFECT OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS DURING NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS 13 5 1 EFFECT OF PH 13 5 2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURES 13 5 3 EFFECT OF PRECURSOR CONCENTRATION 13 5 4 EFFECTS OF THE MICROBIAL GROWTH PHASE 13 6 CHARACTERIZATION OF SYNTHESIZED NANOPARTICLE 13 7 APPLICATION OF ENDOPHYTIC NANOPARTICLES 13 7 1 PHYTOPATHOLOGY 13 7 2 PHARMACOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 13 7 3 HUMAN HEALTH APPLICATIONS 13 7 4 TEXTILE FABRICS COATINGS 13 7 5 BIOSENSORS FOR CONTAMINANT DETECTION 13 7 6 DISEASE MANAGEMENT 13 7 7 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 13 7 8 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA 13 8 CONCLUSION 14 BENEFICIAL ENDOPHYTIC TRICHODERMA FUNCTIONS IN PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT 14 1 INTRODUCTION 14 2 HOST RANGE AND DIVERSITY 14 3 MECHANISM OF PLANT INTERACTION 14 3 1 COLONIZATION OF PLANTS BY ENDOPHYTIC TRICHODERMA 14 4 PLANT FITNESS RESPONSES BY ENDOPHYTIC TRICHODERMA 14 4 1 NUTRIENT ACQUISITION 14 4 2 PHYTOHORMONE PRODUCTION AND MODULATION 14 4 3 MECHANISM OF ALLEVIATIONS OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESS 14 4 4 MECHANISM OF ALLEVIATIONS OF BIOTIC STRESS 14 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 15 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND PLANTMICROBES (ENDOPHYTES) INTERACTION: AN OVERVIEW AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 15 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE OF ENDOPHYTES 15 2 1 TYPES OF ENDOPHYTES 15 2 2 OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION IN NATURE 15 2 3 ENTOPHYTES AS A WAREHOUSE OF SECONDARY METABOLITES 15 3 ENDOPHYTE FUNCTION AS GENETIC ALTERNATION IN THE HOST 15 4 MECHANISMS AND APPLICATION OF ENDOPHYTES IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES 15 4 1 DROUGHT STRESS 15 4 2 SALINITY STRESS 15 4 3 TEMPERATURE STRESS 15 4 4 HEAVY METAL TOXICITY 15 4 5 NUTRIENT STRESS (UPTAKE AND RECYCLING OF NUTRIENTS) 15 5 HYPOTHETICAL MECHANISMS PROMOTING ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN PLANTS MEDIATED BY ENDOPHYTES 15 5 1 OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT 15 5 2 PROTECTION AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS 15 6 CHALLENGES IN BIOPESTICIDES DEVELOPMENT WITH ENDOPHYTES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES MITIGATION 15 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK ACKNOWLEDGMENT 16 ENDOPHYTIC FUSARIUM AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH PLANT GROWTH 16 1 INTRODUCTION 16 2 A FINE LINE-ENDOPHYTIC FUSARIUM EITHER PATHOGENIC OR NONPATHOGENIC ORGANISM 16 3 ENDOPHYTIC FUSARIUM AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH PLANT 16 3 1 POSITIVE RESPONSE 16 3 2 NEGATIVE RESPONSE 16 4 ENDOPHYTIC FUSARIUM AND THEIR ROLE IN PLANT GROWTH 16 4 1 BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS 16 4 2 SECONDARY METABOLITES 16 4 3 DISEASES MANAGEMENT 16 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 17 MICROBIAL ENDOPHYTES AS PROBIOTICS FOR THE PLANT HEALTH: AN OVERVIEW 17 1 INTRODUCTION 17 2 PLANT PROBIOTICS ENDOPHYTES 17 3 EFFECT ON PLANT HEALTH 17 3 1 ENDOPHYTES AS BIOCONTROL 17 3 2 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT AND MOBILIZATION 17 3 3 BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND SECONDARY METABOLITES 17 3 4 ROOT COLONIZER AND PHYTOHORMONE PRODUCER 17 3 5 IRON CHELATING ENDOPHYTES 17 3 6 ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE AND ACC DEAMINASE PRODUCER 17 4 POTENTIAL USE OF ENDOPHYTIC PROBIOTICS IN INDUSTRIES 17 5 GENOME MAPPING OF POTENTIAL ENDOPHYTES 17 6 PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF ENDOPHYTIC PROBIOTICS 17 7 CONCLUSIVE REMARKS 18 EFFICACY OF MICROBIAL ENDOPHYTES IN BIOREMEDIATION: CURRENT RESEARCH AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 18 1 INTRODUCTION 18 2 SOURCES OF TOXIC TRACE ELEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON SOIL HEALTH 18 2 1 CONTAMINATION THROUGH NATURAL SOURCES 18 2 2 CONTAMINATION THROUGH ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES 18 2 3 MECHANISMS OF METAL TOLERANCE AND DETOXIFICATION BY THE ENDOPHYTE MICROBES 18 2 4 IMPACTS ON SOIL HEALTH 18 2 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF MICROBES IN SOIL HEALTH SUSTENANCE UNDER HEAVY METAL-CONTAMINATED SOIL 18 3 POTENTIALITY OF ENDOPHYTES FOR THE REMEDIATION OF TOXIC TRACE ELEMENTS 18 3 1 BACTERIA 18 3 2 FUNGI 18 4 FUTURE RESEARCH STRATEGIES