ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
CONTENTS 1 VARIATION IN FORM AND FUNCTION: THE HELIX-TURN-HELIX REGULATORS OF THE GNTR SUPERFAMILY I INTRODUCTION II HELIX-TURN-HELIX DNA-BINDING PROTEINS III GNTR REGULATORS IV DISTRIBUTION OF GNTR REGULATORS V STRUCTURE AND CLASSI?CATION OF GNTR REGULATORS VI DNA BINDING, OPERATOR SEQUENCES AND REGULATION VII EVOLUTION OF GNTR REGULATORS VIII GNTR REGULATORS IN PRIMARY METABOLISM IX GNTR REGULATORS IN VIRULENCE X GNTR REGULATORS IN STREPTOMYCES DEVELOPMENT AND ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION XI BIOTECHNOLOGY IMPLICATIONS XII CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 2 BIOGENESIS OF THE CELL WALL AND OTHER GLYCOCONJUGATES OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS I INTRODUCTION II THE MYCOBACTERIAL CELL ENVELOPE III THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES IV THE NON-COVALENTLY BOUND GLYCOCONJUGATES OF THE OUTER MEMBRANE A PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL MANNOSIDES, LIPOMANNAN AND LIPOARABINOMANNAN B ACYLTREHALOSES C P-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID DERIVATIVES AND PHENOLIC GLYCOLIPIDS D MANNOSYL-B-1-PHOSPHOMYCOKETIDES E GLYCOPROTEINS V THE GLYCOCONJUGATE POLYMERS OF THE CELL WALL CORE A ARABINOGALACTAN B PEPTIDOGLYCAN VI CYTOSOLIC GLYCOCONJUGATES A POLYMETHYLATED POLYSACCHARIDES B GLYCOGEN C MYCOTHIOL VII CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYXANTHENES I DE?NITIONS AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURES II SYNTHESIS III APPLICATIONS A DYESTUFFS B PESTICIDES C MEDICAL APPLICATIONS D ANTIMICROBIALS IV ANTIMICROBIAL MECHANISM A PHOTOOXIDATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES B LOCALIZATION OF HYDROXYXANTHENES IN MICROBIAL CELL C RELATIVE RESISTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS TO HYDROXYXANTHENES V CONCLUSIONS 4 IN VITRO BIOFILM MODELS: AN OVERVIEW I INTRODUCTION II CHOOSING THE EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM A PURE CULTURE, DE?NED CONSORTIUM OR MICROCOSM? B CONTINUOUS, SEMI-CONTINUOUS OR BATCH CULTURE? III CLOSED SYSTEM BIO?LM MODELS A THE AGAR PLATE: A SIMPLE BIO?LM MODEL? B BIO?LM MODELS BASED ON MULTI-WELL PLATES: POTENTIAL FOR HIGH-THROUGHPUT ANALYSES IV OPEN SYSTEM BIO?LM MODELS A SUSPENDED SUBSTRATUM REACTORS B ROTATING REACTORS FOR CONTROL OF SHEAR STRESS C THE ROBBINS DEVICE AND ?OW CELLS D DRIP-FED BIO?LMS E PERFUSED BIO?LM FERMENTERS V OVERVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS 5 ZONES OF INHIBITION? THE TRANSFER OF INFORMATION RELATING TO PENICILLIN IN EUROPE DURING WORLD WAR II I INTRODUCTION II EARLY PENICILLIN RESEARCH IN GREAT BRITAIN III GERMANY IV HOLLAND V FRANCE VI CONCLUSIONS 6 THE GENOMES OF LAGER YEASTS I INTRODUCTION II CLASSI?CATION III THE LAGER YEASTS: SACCHAROMYCES PASTORIANUS IV LAGER YEAST CHROMOSOMES: TYPES V GENOME SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE LAGER YEAST STRAIN VI CHROMOSOME COPY NUMBER VII CONSEQUENCES OF GENOME REARRANGEMENTS VIII THE DYNAMIC GENOME OF LAGER YEASTS IX GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF LAGER YEASTS X EXPRESSION COMPARED TO HAPLOID S CEREVISIAE XI CONCLUSIONS