MICROBIOLOGY OF OCEANS AND ESTUARIES
CONTENTS AN INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY THE TERM OCEANOGRAPHY AND ITS SCOPE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THIS SUBJECT THE BROAD CATEGORIZATION OF OCEANOGRAPHY GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OCEANS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE OCEANIC CIRCULATION SYSTEM GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES WATER CYCLE CARBON CYCLE NUTRIENT DYNAMICS ICE DYNAMICS COASTAL PROCESSES WAVES TIDES COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RESOURCES FROM THE OCEAN ADVANCEMENTS IN OCEANOGRAPHY REFERENCES MARINE ECOSYSTEMS CLASSI?CATION OF MARINE WATER BODIES NERITIC ECOSYSTEMS PELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS EPIPELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS MESOPELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS BATHYPELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS ABYSSALPELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS HADALPELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS BENTHIC ECOSYSTEMS PHOTIC AND APHOTIC ZONES INTERTIDAL AND LITTORAL ZONES COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS ESTUARIES MANGROVES SEAGRASS SALT MARSHES CORAL REEF SEAWEED TIDAL FLATS LAGOONS AND BACKWATERS MARINE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PROVISIONING SERVICES REGULATING AND SUPPORTING SERVICES CULTURAL SERVICES SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN MARINE SCIENCE OCEANS AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES SHIPPING AND TRADE PORTS AND HARBOURS OFFSHORE MINING PETROLEUM AND HYDROCARBONS SUBMARINE CABLES AND PIPELINES TOURISM DESALINIZATION CAPTURE FISHERIES AND SEAFOOD GENETIC RESOURCES AND PHARMACY BASIC OCEANOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS AND THEIR SIGNI?CANCE GENERAL PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS WATER TEMPERATURE DENSITY SALINITY DISSOLVED OXYGEN SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER WATER COLUMN PARAMETERS SECCHI DEPTH EUPHOTIC DEPTH TURBIDITY UNDERWATER PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION MIXED LAYER DEPTH THERMOCLINE DEPTH PYCNOCLINE DEPTH HALOCLINE DEPTH CARBONATE CHEMISTRY PARAMETERS DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON TOTAL ALKALINITY THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON CALCIUM CARBONATE SATURATION STATE AIR-WATER CO2 FLUXES BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY PARAMETERS GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY COMMUNITY RESPIRATION NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE TROPHIC STATE INDEX (TRIX) ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS NITRATE NITRITE AMMONIA TOTAL NITROGEN SOLUBLE REACTIVE PHOSPHORUS TOTAL PHOSPHORUS REACTIVE SILICATE COASTAL POLLUTION—AN OVERVIEW WHAT IS MARINE POLLUTION? COASTAL GEOGRAPHY SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION TYPES OF INPUTS FOR MARINE POLLUTION DIRECT DISCHARGE SEWAGE SURFACE RUNOFF HYDROCARBON IN THE SEA SHIPPING POLLUTION DEEP SEA MINING IMPACTS OF MARINE POLLUTION HUMAN IMPACTS ON MARINE ENVIRONMENTS COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT CONCLUSION NUTRIENT POLLUTION INTRODUCTION PROBLEMS OF NUTRIENT IMBALANCE ECOLOGICAL IMPACT DUE TO NUTRIENT OVER-ENRICHMENT ROLE OF SEAGRASS HABITAT AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM EUTROPHICATION CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION FACTORS AFFECTING EUTROPHICATION HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM (HAB) LIMITING NUTRIENTS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ROLE RED?ELD RATIO HIGH NUTRIENT-LOW CHLOROPHYLL (HNLC) REGIONS DEAD ZONE CAUSES EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA IMPACT ON CORAL REEF STRATEGIES TO COMBAT NUTRIENT OVER-ENRICHMENT CASE STUDIES ORGANIC POLLUTION BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) BACKGROUND WASTEWATER QUALITY INDICATORS BOD AS WASTEWATER QUALITY INDICATORS STANDARD VALUES MEASURING METHODS CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) COD AS WASTEWATER QUALITY INDICATOR COLIFORM INDICATOR ORGANISMS COLIFORM GROUP OF BACTERIA THE MEMBRANE-FILTER (MF) TECHNIQUE PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS DE?NITION A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE POPS TYPES OF POPS THE DIRTY DOZENS SOURCES OF POPS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POPS ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF POPS TRANSPORTATION/LONG-RANGE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORTATION BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOMAGNI?CATION GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF POPS SILENT SPRING—THE BOOK REMEDIES HEAVY METALS GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METAL TOXICITY ARSENIC SOURCES OF ARSENIC IN NATURE TOXICOKINETICS OF ARSENIC IMPACT OF ARSENIC ON LIVING BEINGS COPPER TOXICOKINETICS OF COPPER IMPACT OF COPPER ON LIVING BEINGS CHRONIC COPPER POISONING CHROMIUM LEAD MERCURY SOURCES OF MERCURY AND HEALTH IMPACTS MINAMATA BAY DISEASE MARINE OIL POLLUTION COMPOSITION AND CLASSI?CATION OF OILS OIL SPILLAGE AND SOURCES EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION REMEDIATION OF OIL POLLUTION PHYSICAL REMEDIATION BOOMS BOOM TYPES SKIMMERS SORBENT MATERIALS CHEMICAL REMEDIATION DISPERSANTS SOLIDI?ERS THERMAL REMEDIATION BIOREMEDIATION PLASTIC POLLUTION CLASSI?CATION, SOURCES, AND EFFECTS OF PLASTICS CLASSI?CATION SOURCES OF PLASTICS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT HARMFUL IMPACT OF PLASTIC ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MACROPLASTICS MACROPLASTIC POLLUTION PATHWAY EFFECTS OF MACROPLASTICS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AGREEMENT AND MEASURES TO PREVENT AND COMBAT MACROPLASTICS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MICROPLASTICS TYPES, SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION EFFECTS OF MICROPLASTICS ON MARINE ORGANISMS CASE STUDY: THE GREAT PACI?C GARBAGE PATCH OCEAN ACIDI?CATION MECHANISM IMPACTS OF OCEAN ACIDI?CATION REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS MANAGING SOLAR RADIATION NORWEGIAN SEA BARENTS SEA WESTERN CANADIAN ARCTIC SEA GREENLAND ALASKA ENERGY FROM THE OCEAN MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY GENERATION FROM OCEAN RESOURCE WAVE ENERGY WAVE ENERGY POTENTIAL WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES WIND ENERGY WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL WIND ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES TIDAL ENERGY TIDAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL TIDAL POWER CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) OTEC RESOURCE POTENTIAL OTEC TECHNOLOGIES ENERGY FROM THE SALINITY GRADIENT SALINITY GRADIENT ENERGY POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO SALINITY GRADIENT ENERGY (SGE) OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY MARINE BIODIESEL AS AN ENERGY SOURCE CONCEPT OF ARTI?CIAL ENERGY ISLAND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY BENE?TS AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING OCEAN ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF OCEAN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES POLYMETALLIC NODULES FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS SEA FLOOR MASSIVE SULPHIDES OIL IN THE OFFSHORE BASINS OFFSHORE OIL OF INDIA NATURAL GAS HYDRATES OTHER MINERAL RESOURCES OFFSHORE COAL DEPOSITS MARINE PLACER DEPOSITS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL EVAPORITES AND SALTS MARINE PHOSPHORITE DEPOSITS HOT BRINES AND METALLIFEROUS MUDS SEABED MINING AND ITS IMPACT COASTAL HAZARDS: CLIMATIC AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL HAZARDS COASTAL HAZARDS—AN INTRODUCTION CYCLONE AND CYCLONE RELATED SURGE CONDITION FOR THE FORMATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE DEVELOPMENT OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE STRUCTURES OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IMPACT OF TROPICAL CYCLONES GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE AND THE SCENARIO IN COASTAL INDIA PREDICTION AND MITIGATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TROPICAL AND EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE COASTAL FLOOD TYPES OF FLOODS CAUSES OF COASTAL FLOOD CONSEQUENCES OF COASTAL FLOOD HAZARD COASTAL FLOOD PREDICTION COASTAL FLOOD MITIGATION URBANISATION AND FLOODS IN COASTAL CITIES COASTAL GROUNDWATER PROBLEM SALINITY PROBLEM IN GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION OF COASTAL SALINITY OTHER PROBLEMS OF GROUNDWATER COASTAL HAZARDS: GEOMORPHIC AND TECTONIC HAZARDS COASTAL EROSION AND BEACH DEGRADATION PROCESS BEACH PRO?LE AND MORPHOLOGY OF A COAST SOURCE OF BEACH SANDS AND COASTAL SEDIMENT BUDGET PROCESS OF COASTAL EROSION REMEDIAL MEASURES TO COASTAL EROSION COASTAL PROTECTION ACTIVITIES IN INDIA COASTAL LAND SUBSIDENCE COASTAL AND SUBMARINE LANDSLIDE TSUNAMI MECHANISM OF TSUNAMI GENERATION GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF TSUNAMIS TSUNAMI IN THE LIGHT OF PLATE TECTONICS TSUNAMI WARNING, FORECASTING AND MITIGATION COASTAL RADIOACTIVITY AND HAZARD RELATED TO RADIONUCLIDES GLOBAL SEA-LEVEL RISE AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS CAUSES OF SEA-LEVEL RISE QUANTI?CATION OF SEA-LEVEL CHANGE PROBLEMS OF SEA-LEVEL RISE SOLUTION TO SLR AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES