Cross-Section: History, Theory and Ethics of Medical Science
CONTENTS PART I THOMAS PERCIVAL S MEDICAL ETHICS AND THE INVENTION OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALISM 1 WHAT PERCIVAL INHERITS JOHN GREGORY S MORAL REVOLUTION AGAINST THE LONG TRADITION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL MEDICINE IN THE HISTORY OF WESTERN MEDICINE ? ? ? 3 1 1 ORIGINS OF THOMAS PERCIVAL S PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN MEDICINE IN JOHN GREGORY S PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN MEDICINE ? ? ? 3 1 2 A METHODOLOGIC NOTE HISTORICALLY BASED PHILOSOPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF TEXTS ? ? ? 5 1 2 1 THE DISCOVERY OF ETHICAL CONCEPTS ? ? ? 5 1 2 2 THE INVENTION OF ETHICAL CONCEPTS ? ? ? 7 1 2 3 THE QUEST FOR CERTAINTY AND THE QUEST FOR RELIABILITY ? ? ? 9 1 3 THE LONG TRADITION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL MEDICINE IN THE HISTORY OF WESTERN MEDICINE ? ? ? 9 1 3 1 HIPPOCRATIC ENTREPRENEURIALISM ? ? 11 1 3 2 THE ROYAL COLLEGES GUILD ENTREPRENEURIALISM ? ? 14 1 3 3 DE CAUTELIS MEDICI CAUTIOUS ENTREPRENEURIALISM ? ? 15 1 3 4 MEDICUS POLITICUS POLITIC ENTREPRENEURIALISM ? ? 16 1 4 ANOMALIES FOR THE PARADIGM OF ENTREPRENEURIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE UNACCOUNTABLE POWER AND DISTRUST ? ? 20 1 5 JOHN GREGORY S REVOLUTIONARY INVENTION OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN MEDICINE ? ? 22 1 5 1 GREGORY S INVENTION OF THE FIRST COMMITMENT OF THE ETHICAL CONCEPT OF MEDICINE AS A PROFESSION ? ? 23 1 5 1 1 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ? ? 23 1 5 1 2 INTELLECTUAL AUTHORITY IN BACON S PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE ? ? 25 1 5 1 3 INTELLECTUAL AUTHORITY IN GREGORY S PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICINE ? ? 28 1 5 1 4 GREGORY S FIRST PARADIGM SHIFT ? ? 33 1 5 2 GREGORY S INVENTION OF THE SECOND COMMITMENT OF THE ETHICAL CONCEPT OF MEDICINE AS A PROFESSION ? ? 35 1 5 2 1 MEN OF INTEREST ? ? 35 1 5 2 2 GREGORY ON THE PHYSIOLOGIC PRINCIPLE OF SYMPATHY ? ? 36 1 5 2 3 DAVID HUME S BACONIAN MORAL SCIENCE ON THE PRINCIPLE OF SYMPATHY ? ? 36 1 5 2 4 JOHN GREGORY S BACONIAN MORAL SCIENCE OF SYMPATHY AND ITS PROFESSIONAL VIRTUES OF TENDERNESS AND STEADINESS ? ? 40 1 5 2 5 GREGORY S SECOND PARADIGM SHIFT ? ? 46 1 5 3 GREGORY S INVENTION OF THE THIRD COMMITMENT OF THE ETHICAL CONCEPT OF MEDICINE AS A PROFESSION ? ? 46 1 5 3 1 THE CORPORATION SPIRIT AND GUILD SELF INTERESTS ? ? 47 1 5 3 2 GREGORY S THIRD PARADIGM SHIFT ? ? 48 1 6 GREGORY S INVENTION OF THE ETHICAL CONCEPT OF MEDICINE AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN MEDICINE ? ? 49 1 7 GREGORY S PROFESSIONAL ETHICS OF CLINICAL RESEARCH ? ? 50 1 8 CONCLUSION GREGORY S MORAL REVOLUTION AGAINST ENTREPRENEURIAL MEDICINE ? ? 52 2 AN INTELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHY OF THOMAS PERCIVAL ? ? 55 2 1 A METHODOLOGICAL NOTE ? ? 55 2 2 THOMAS PERCIVAL OF WARRINGTON AND MANCHESTER ? ? 56 2 2 1 THE PERCIVAL FAMILY IN WARRINGTON ? ? 56 2 2 2 PERCIVAL S FIRST SEVENTEEN YEARS ? ? 57 2 2 3 PERCIVAL THE FIRST STUDENT AT WARRINGTON ACADEMY ? ? 58 2 2 4 EDINBURGH LONDON LEYDEN AND A TOUR OF THE NETHERLANDS AND FRANCE ? ? 59 2 2 5 WARRINGTON AND MARRIAGE TO ELIZABETH BASSNETT OF LONDON ? ? 63 2 2 6 MANCHESTER THE ENGLISH ENLIGHTENMENT COMMITMENT TO IMPROVEMENT USING BACONIAN SCIENCE ? ? 64 2 3 PERCIVAL S INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL FORMATION ? ? 67 2 3 1 THE ENGLISH NATIONAL ENLIGHTENMENT ? ? 67 2 3 2 WARRINGTON ACADEMY ? ? 69 2 3 2 1 THE DISSENTING ACADEMIES AND THE CURRICULUM OF THE WARRINGTON ACADEMY ? ? 69 2 3 2 2 PERCIVAL S TEACHERS AT THE WARRINGTON ACADEMY ? ? 71 2 3 2 3 SUBJECTS WHICH HAVE A CONNECTION EXPLAINED IN A REGULAR SYSTEM ? ? 78 2 3 2 4 CONDESCENSION OF GENTLEMEN OF THE HIGHER SOCIAL CLASSES TO THE POOR ? ? 79 2 3 2 5 YOU DO CONSTANTLY CAREFULLY IMPARTIALLY AND CONSCIENTIOUSLY ATTEND TO EVIDENCE ? ? 81 2 4 PERCIVAL S WRITINGS ? ? 82 2 4 1 DISSERTATIO MEDICA INAUGURALIS DE FRIGORE 1765 ? ? 83 2 4 1 1 PERCIVAL S ADOPTION OF THE FIRST COMMITMENT OF THE ETHICAL CONCEPT OF MEDICINE AS A PROFESSION ? ? 86 2 4 2 ESSAYS MEDICAL PHILOSOPHICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ? ? 86 2 4 2 1 ESSAYS MEDICAL PHILOSOPHICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PART I ? ? 87 2 4 2 2 ESSAYS MEDICAL PHILOSOPHICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PART II ? ? 95 2 4 2 3 ESSAYS MEDICAL PHILOSOPHICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PART III ? 101 2 4 2 4 ESSAYS MEDICAL PHILOSOPHICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PART IV ? 110 2 4 3 WRITINGS ON POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY BACONIAN POLITY ? 114 2 4 4 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS ? 116 2 5 THE MORAL FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN ? 119 2 5 1 A FATHER S INSTRUCTIONS ? 119 2 5 1 1 THE GENRE OF PATERNAL ADVICE ? 120 2 5 1 2 PERCIVAL S THREE GOALS ? 121 2 5 1 3 GENRES INCLUDED ? 122 2 5 1 4 SYMPATHY FOR ANIMALS AND THE ETHICS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION ? 123 2 5 1 5 THE REGULATORY VIRTUES OF TENDERNESS AND STEADINESS ? 124 2 5 1 6 PERCIVAL S ADOPTION OF THE SECOND COMMITMENT OF THE ETHICAL CONCEPT OF MEDICINE AS A PROFESSION ? 124 2 5 1 7 CONDESCENSION AND AUTHORITY ? 124 2 5 1 8 OPPOSITION TO ENSLAVEMENT OF PERSONS ? 126 2 5 1 9 BACONIAN PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION ? 128 2 5 1 10 PERCIVAL S ADOPTION OF THE THIRD COMMITMENT OF THE ETHICAL CONCEPT OF MEDICINE AS A PROFESSION ? 129 2 5 1 11 THEODICY ? 129 2 5 1 12 A PERSISTENT THEME STOICISM ? 130 2 5 1 13 APPETITES ? 131 2 5 1 14 WHIMSY ? 132 2 5 2 MORAL AND LITERARY DISSERTATIONS CHIEFLY INTENDED AS A SEQUEL TO A FATHER S INSTRUCTIONS 1788 ? 133 2 5 2 1 ON THE INFLUENCE OF HABIT AND ASSOCIATION ? 139 2 5 2 2 ON INCONSISTENCY OF EXPECTATIONS IN LITERARY PURSUITS ? 140 2 5 2 3 ON THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE AND ON A GENERAL TASTE FOR THE FINE ARTS ? 141 2 5 2 4 OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CONDUCT OF EXPERIMENTAL PURSUITS ? 142 2 6 CONCLUSION PERCIVAL LIFE LONG COMMITTED BACONIAN SCIENTIST ? 143 2 6 1 DISSENTER AND DEIST ? 143 2 6 2 BACONIAN PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR BACONIAN PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICINE ? 144 2 6 3 IMPROVEMENT OF MEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS ? 145 2 6 4 DISCOURSE OF PEACE ? 146 2 6 5 INVENTING NEW WORDS AND CHANGING THE MEANING OF EXISTING WORDS ? 146 2 6 6 HOSPITAL POLITY ? 147 2 6 7 A WAY OF LIFE ? 148 3 THOMAS PERCIVAL JOINS GREGORY S MORAL REVOLUTION AGAINST THE LONG TRADITION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL MEDICINE IN THE HISTORY OF WESTERN MEDICINE ? 149 3 1 HOW EVENTS AT MANCHESTER INFIRMARY RESULTED IN PERCIVAL WRITING MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND THEN MEDICAL ETHICS ? 149 3 2 MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE ? 153 3 2 1 A CODE ? 154 3 2 1 1 THREE MODELS ? 154 3 3 DELAY IN COMPLETING MEDICAL ETHICS ? 160 3 4 MEDICAL ETHICS OR A CODE OF INSTITUTES AND PRECEPTS ADAPTED TO THE PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS ? 162 3 4 1 TITLE CHANGE ? 162 3 4 2 FORMAT FOUR CHAPTERS ON HOSPITAL DUTIES AND NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS ? 165 3 4 3 DEDICATIONS TO SIR GEORGE BAKER AND TO EDWARD CROPPER PERCIVAL ? 165 3 4 4 PREFACE ? 167 3 4 5 THE TEXT OF MEDICAL ETHICS CHAPTER I OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT RELATIVE TO HOSPITALS OR OTHER MEDICAL CHARITIES ? 171 3 4 6 THE TEXT OF MEDICAL ETHICS CHAPTER II OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT IN PRIVATE OR GENERAL PRACTICE ? 192 3 4 7 THE TEXT OF MEDICAL ETHICS CHAPTER III OF THE CONDUCT OF PHYSICIANS TOWARDS APOTHECARIES ? 213 3 4 8 THE TEXT OF MEDICAL ETHICS CHAPTER IV OF PROFESSIONAL DUTIES IN CERTAIN CASES WHICH REQUIRE A KNOWLEDGE OF LAW ? 219 3 4 8 1 POLITICAL ETHICS ? 222 3 4 8 2 BACONIAN TESTIMONY ? 226 3 4 8 3 THE AUTONOMY OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN MEDICINE FROM STATE POWER ? 228 3 5 A DISCOURSE ADDRESSED TO THE GENTLEMEN OF THE FACULTY THE OFFICERS THE CLERGY AND THE TRUSTEES OF THE INFIRMARY AT LIVERPOOL ON THEIR RESPECTIVE HOSPITAL DUTIES BY THE REV THOMAS BASSNETT PERCIVAL LL B ? 229 3 6 CONCLUSION ? 232 3 6 1 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN MEDICINE THREE COMMITMENTS ? 232 3 6 2 BACONIAN MORAL SCIENTIFIC PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN MEDICINE ? 233 3 6 3 INSTITUTES AND PRECEPTS OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN MEDICINE ? 234 3 6 4 DEISM AND DISSENT IN PERCIVAL S PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN MEDICINE ? 235 3 6 4 1 DEISM MEDICINE AND RELIGION ? 235 3 6 4 2 DISSENT MEDICINE AND SOCIETY ? 235 3 7 A PROFESSIONAL COLLEAGUE S INSTRUCTIONS ? 236 4 THE PLACE OF PERCIVAL S MEDICAL ETHICS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL ETHICS ? 239 4 1 ACHIEVEMENT MEDICAL ETHICS AND THE INVENTION OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALISM ? 239 4 2 RECEPTION ? 246 4 2 1 RECEPTION IN ENGLAND ? 246 4 2 2 RECEPTION IN THE UNITED STATES ? 249 4 3 INFLUENCE ? 256 4 4 GREGORY S AND PERCIVAL S LEGACY FOR CONTEMPORARY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN MEDICINE ? 259 4 5 PAINTERS BEFORE AND AFTER CIMABUE ? 264 BIBLIOGRAPHY ? 267 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ? ? 267 PRIVATELY AND PUBLICLY PUBLISHED WORKS OF THOMAS PERCIVAL ? ? 267 MANUSCRIPT AND UNPUBLISHED SOURCES ? ? 272 ONLINE SOURCES ? ? 273 OTHER PUBLISHED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES ? ? 274