ELEMENTS OF PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE
UNIT I Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology CHAPTER 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”, 3 CHAPTER 2 The Cell and Its Functions, 10 CHAPTER 3 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction, 20 UNIT II Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle CHAPTER 4 Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes, 31 CHAPTER 5 Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials, 38 CHAPTER 6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle, 45 CHAPTER 7 Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling, 52 CHAPTER 8 Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle, 57 UNIT III The Heart CHAPTER 9 Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves, 65 CHAPTER 10 Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart, 73 CHAPTER 11 Fundamentals of Electrocardiography, 78 CHAPTER 12 Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis, 81 CHAPTER 13 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation, 86 UNIT IV The Circulation CHAPTER 14 Overview of the Circulation; Pressure, Flow, and Resistance, 93 CHAPTER 15 Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems, 99 CHAPTER 16 The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow, 105 CHAPTER 17 Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow, 115 CHAPTER 18 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure, 125 CHAPTER 19 Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation, 134 CHAPTER 20 Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation, 146 CHAPTER 21 Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease, 153 CHAPTER 22 Cardiac Failure, 159 CHAPTER 23 Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects, 165 CHAPTER 24 Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment, 170 UNIT V The Body Fluids and Kidneys CHAPTER 25 Regulation of Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema, 179 CHAPTER 26 The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation by the Kidneys, 189 CHAPTER 27 Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control, 195 CHAPTER 28 Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 201 CHAPTER 29 Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration, 213 CHAPTER 30 Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume, 222 CHAPTER 31 Acid-Base Regulation, 234 CHAPTER 32 Diuretics and Kidney Diseases, 245 UNIT VI Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation CHAPTER 33 Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia, 255 CHAPTER 34 Resistance of the Body to Infection: I Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation, 261 CHAPTER 35 Resistance of the Body to Infection: II Immunity and Allergy, 267 CHAPTER 36 Blood Types; Transfusion; and Tissue and Organ Transplantation, 275 CHAPTER 37 Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation, 279 UNIT VII Respiration CHAPTER 38 Pulmonary Ventilation, 289 CHAPTER 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, and Pleural Fluid, 296 CHAPTER 40 Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane, 303 CHAPTER 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids, 311 CHAPTER 42 Regulation of Respiration, 316 CHAPTER 43 Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy, 320 UNIT VIII Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology CHAPTER 44 Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology, 329 CHAPTER 45 Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions, 334 UNIT IX The Nervous System: A General Principles and Sensory Physiology CHAPTER 46 Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters, 341 CHAPTER 47 Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information, 349 CHAPTER 48 Somatic Sensations: I General Organization, Tactile and Position Senses, 355 CHAPTER 49 Somatic Sensations: II Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations, 363 UNIT X The Nervous System: B The Special Senses CHAPTER 50 The Eye: I Optics of Vision, 373 CHAPTER 51 The Eye: II Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina, 378 CHAPTER 52 The Eye: III Central Neurophysiology of Vision, 387 CHAPTER 53 The Sense of Hearing, 393 CHAPTER 54 The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell, 399 UNIT XI The Nervous System: C Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology CHAPTER 55 Spinal Cord Motor Functions; the Cord Reflexes, 405 CHAPTER 56 Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function, 412 CHAPTER 57 Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Contributions to Overall Motor Control, 421 CHAPTER 58 Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory, 432 CHAPTER 59 The Limbic System and Hypothalamus—Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain, 439 CHAPTER 60 States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia, 446 CHAPTER 61 The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla, 452 CHAPTER 62 Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism, 462 UNIT XII Gastrointestinal Physiology CHAPTER 63 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function— Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation, 471 CHAPTER 64 Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract, 478 CHAPTER 65 Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract, 483 CHAPTER 66 Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract, 490 CHAPTER 67 Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders, 497 UNIT XIII Metabolism and Temperature Regulation CHAPTER 68 Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate, 503 CHAPTER 69 Lipid Metabolism, 510 CHAPTER 70 Protein Metabolism, 518 CHAPTER 71 The Liver, 522 CHAPTER 72 Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals, 527 CHAPTER 73 Energetics and Metabolic Rate, 538 CHAPTER 74 Body Temperature Regulation and Fever, 541 UNIT XIV Endocrinology and Reproduction CHAPTER 75 Introduction to Endocrinology, 549 CHAPTER 76 Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus, 555 CHAPTER 77 Thyroid Metabolic Hormones, 565 CHAPTER 78 Adrenocortical Hormones, 573 CHAPTER 79 Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus, 583 CHAPTER 80 Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth, 592 CHAPTER 81 Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male, 601 CHAPTER 82 Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones, 606 CHAPTER 83 Pregnancy and Lactation, 614 CHAPTER 84 Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, 622 UNIT XV Sports Physiology CHAPTER 85 Sports Physiology, 629