THE PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE OF DENTISTRY: ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, THERAPEUTICS, DENTAL SURGERY & MECHANISM

By EVELYN HERNANDEZ

Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 History of Lasers 5 Chapter 3 The Laser Device 9 31 Active Medium 10 32 Laser Delivery Systems 16 Chapter 4 The Laser Beam 19 41 Monochromaticity or Near Monochromaticity 19 42 Coherence 19 43 Collimated with Directionality 20 44 Radiance 21 45 Focusability 21 46 Spectral Coverage 21 47 Gating and Pulsing 21 48 Beam Profile 22 49 Spot Geometry 23 410 Focal Length and Focal Point 23 Chapter 5 Laser-Tissue Interactions 25 51 Reflection and Refraction 25 52 Absorption and Transmission 26 53 Scattering 26 54 Tissue Effects of Laser Irradiation 28 Chapter 6 Laser Terminologies and Dosimetry 31 Chapter 7 Laser Hazards and Contraindications 35 71 Contraindications of Lasers 39 Chapter 8 Laser Safety 43 81 Laser Device Hardware Safety Measures 44 82 Safety Measures During Laser Use 44 83 Fire and Electrical Control Measures 45 84 Laser Test Fire Procedure 45 85 Eye Protection During Laser Use 46 86 Control Measures for Airborne Contaminants 48 Chapter 9 Low Power Lasers and Their Applications 49 91 Introduction to Low Power Lasers 49 92 Cellular Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation 50 93 Principles of Photodynamic Therapy 55 94 Lasers in Recurrent Aphthous Ulcerations 62 95 Lasers in Burning Mouth Syndrome 66 96 Lasers in Temporomandibular Disorders 70 97 Lasers in Lymphatic Drainage of Oedema 77 98 Lasers in Herpes Infections 78 99 Other Applications of LLLT 79 Chapter 10 Lasers in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders 89 101 Introduction to Lasers in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders 89 102 Lasers in Oral Leukoplakia 90 103 Lasers in Actinic Chelitis 94 104 Lasers in Oral Erythroplakia 99 105 Lasers in Oral Lichen Planus 102 Chapter 11 Surgical Lasers and Their Applications 109 111 Introduction to Lasers in Oral Soft Tissue Surgery 109 112 Lasers in Oral Fibromas 116 113 Lasers in Oral Papillomas 117 114 Lasers in Oral Lipomas 118 115 Lasers in Oral Pyogenic Granulomas 119 116 Lasers in Oral Vascular Lesions 120 117 Lasers in Salivary Gland Pathosis 123 Chapter 12 Laser Diagnostics 127 121 Laser In Caries Detection 127 122 Laser Doppler Flowmetry 130 123 Optothermal Radiometry 131 124 Optical Coherence Tomography 131 125 Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy 138 126 Photodynamic Diagnosis 139 127 Laser Spectroscopy 140 128 Laser Flowcytometry 142 Chapter 13 Miscellaneous Applications of Lasers 149 131 Role in Dentinal Hypersensitivity 149 132 Sinusitis 149 133 Somatosensory Tinnitus 150 134 Laser Acupuncture 150 135 Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy 152 136 Lasers in Caries Prevention 153 137 Laser Induced Tooth Analgesia 154 138 Lasers in Sterilization 155 139 Use of Lasers in Other Fields of Dentistry 156 Conclusion 157 References 159