BIOMEDICINE: PRACTICES, POLICIES, AND POLITICS

By C. NONAT

CONTENTS INVENTING THE O?CE OF NIH HISTORY THE SOCIALIZATION OF RESEARCH AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ACADEMY DISEASE CATEGORIES AND SCIENTI?C DISCIPLINES: REORGANIZING THE NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAM, 1945-1960 THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH POLICY, 1949-1965 RADIUM AND THE ORIGINS OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE TRANSPLANT NATION: THE NIH AND THE POLITICS OF HEART TRANSPLANTATION IN THE 1960S MOBILIZING BIOMEDICINE: VIRUS RESEARCH BETWEEN LAY HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS AND THE U S FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1935-1955 GENES, DISEASE, AND PATENTS: CASH AND COMMUNITY IN BIOMEDICINE THE CRITICAL ROLE OF LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS AT THE ROCKEFELLER: BIOMEDICINE AS BIOTECHNOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH IN POSTWAR BRITAIN: THE ROLE OF THE MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TOWARDS A HISTORY OF “THE VACCINE INNOVATION SYSTEM,” 1950-2000 MOLECULARIZATION AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RESEARCH: THE CASE OF SYNTHETIC ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY SCIENTI?C DISCOVERIES: AN INSTITUTIONALIST AND PATH-DEPENDENT PERSPECTIVE INVENTING THE OFFICE OF NIH HISTORY IT HAS LONG BEEN A CONUNDRUM IN THE HISTORY OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY SCIENCE AND MEDICINE WHY SOME OF THE MAJOR RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND SOURCES OF FUNDING FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH HAVE NOT RECEIVED SERIOUS AND APPROPRIATE HISTORICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE EARLY 1980S, THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH) WAS ONE OF THESE INSTITUTIONS NEITHER THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE SIGNI?CANT RESEARCH PROGRAMS ON CAMPUS NOR THE IMPORTANT CHANGES WROUGHT IN RESEARCH PROGRAMS ELSEWHERE BY THE INFUSION OF NIH FUND- ING HAD RECEIVED WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC RECOGNITION IN THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN MEDICINE ONE PERSON WHO HAS DONE HER LEVEL BEST TO CHANGE THIS SITUATION BOTH THROUGH HER OWN RESEARCH AND WRITING AND THROUGH HER DIRECTORSHIP OF AN O?CE AND A MUSEUM DEDICATED TO NIH HISTORY OVER A TWENTY-YEAR PERIOD IS VICTORIA A HARDEN THE NIH HAS BEEN MORE FORTUNATE THAN PERHAPS IT KNOWS TO HAVE HAD SUCH A CHAMPION, AND THE HISTORY OF BIOMEDICINE AT LARGE HAS BENE?TED FROM HER ENCOURAGEMENT OF SCHOLARSHIP IN THIS IMPORTANT RESEARCH AREA THIS BOOK IS AN OUTCOME OF HER ENTHUSIASM THE VOLUME AND ITS CONTENTS ARE A TESTIMONY TO THE GROWING INTEREST OF SCHOLARS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND TO THE NUMBER OF HISTORIANS, SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, AND HEALTH POLICY ANALYSTS NOW WORKING ON THE SUBJECT THE ESSAYS BY NOTED HISTORIANS AND SOCIAL SCIENTISTS O?ER INSIGHTS ON A RANGE OF SUBJECTS THAT SHOULD BE A SIGNI?CANT STIMULUS FOR FURTHER HISTORICAL INVESTIGATION READERS OF THE BOOK WILL KNOW MORE ABOUT THE NIH’S PRACTICES, POLICIES, AND POLITICS ON A VARIETY OF FRONTS, INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM, THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEATH AND MENTAL HEALTH POLICY, THE POLITICS AND FUNDING OF HEART TRANSPLANTATION,