ANATOMIE

By J. DAUNI

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN BIOMATERIAL SCIENCE 1 1 1 BIOMATERIALS 2 1 2 BIOMATERIALS FOR THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 3 1 3 BIOMATERIALS FOR THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 5 1 4 BIOMATERIALS FOR THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 9 1 5 BIOMATERIALS FOR THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 13 1 6 BIOMATERIALS FOR THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 18 1 7 BIOMATERIALS FOR THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 23 1 8 BIOMATERIALS FOR THE URINARY SYSTEM 26 1 9 BIOMATERIALS FOR THE SENSORY ORGANS EYES AND EARS 29 1 10 CONCLUSION 32 REFERENCES 33 CHAPTER 2 CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMATERIALS 45 2 1 DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF BIOMATERIALS 45 2 2 NATURAL BIOMATERIALS 46 2 2 1 POLYSACCHARIDES USED AS BIOMATERIALS 46 2 2 2 POLYPEPTIDES USED AS BIOMATERIALS 55 2 2 3 PHENOLICS USED AS BIOMATERIALS 62 2 3 SYNTHETIC BIOMATERIALS 67 2 3 1 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS NONBIODEGRADABLE 67 2 3 2 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS BIODEGRADABLE AND BIORESORBABLE 79 2 3 3 BIOCERAMICS 90 2 3 4 METALLIC BIOMATERIALS 100 2 4 COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS 110 2 4 1 POLYMER CERAMIC COMPOSITES 111 2 4 2 CERAMIC METAL COMPOSITES 112 2 4 3 METAL POLYMER COMPOSITES 113 2 5 CONCLUSION 115 REFERENCES 115 CHAPTER 3 METHODS IN BIOMATERIALS 151 3 1 BIOMATERIAL SYNTHESIS AND FABRICATION 151 3 2 ELECTROSPINNING 152 3 2 1 BASICS OF THE ELECTROSPINNING SETUP 152 3 2 2 EFFECT OF POLYMER PROPERTIES MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION 154 3 2 3 EFFECT OF POLYMER SOLUTION PROPERTIES VISCOSITY CONDUCTIVITY SURFACE TENSION ON ELECTROSPUN FIBERS 154 3 2 4 EFFECT OF APPLIED VOLTAGE AND FEED RATE 155 3 2 5 EFFECT OF DISTANCE OF NOZZLE TO COLLECTOR 155 3 2 6 EFFECT OF DISTANCE OF AMBIENT PARAMETERS TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY IN THE CHAMBER 156 3 2 7 EFFECT OF MOTION OF THE NOZZLE AND COLLECTOR ROTATION 156 3 2 8 EFFECT OF NOZZLE GAUGE 156 3 2 9 CHALLENGES IN ELECTROSPINNING 157 3 2 10 ELECTROSPINNING MODIFICATIONS 157 3 3 3D BIOPRINTING 163 3 3 1 BASICS OF 3D BIOPRINTING 163 3 3 2 BIOINK 165 3 4 3D METAL AND CERAMIC PRINTING 171 3 4 1 SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING 171 3 5 COATING METHODS 172 3 5 1 DIP COATING 172 3 5 2 SPIN COATING 173 3 5 3 SPRAY COATING COLD SPRAYING 174 3 5 4 ELECTROSPRAYING 174 3 5 5 ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION COATING 175 3 5 6 UV LIGHT ASSISTED COATING 175 3 5 7 COATING METHOD CHALLENGES 176 3 6 HYDROGEL PREPARATIONS 177 3 6 1 PHYSICAL CROSS LINKING 177 3 6 2 CHEMICAL CROSS LINKING POLYMER GRAFTING 179 3 6 3 UNIQUE HYDROGEL ITERATIONS USED IN BIOMEDICINE 180 3 6 4 HYDROGEL PREPARATION CHALLENGES 181 3 7 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC NANOPARTICLES PREPARATIONS 182 3 7 1 ORGANIC NANOPARTICLES 182 3 7 2 INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES 185 3 7 3 CHALLENGES IN NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS 190 3 8 BIOCERAMIC SYNTHESIS METHODS 191 3 8 1 WET CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION SYNTHESIS OF BIOCERAMICS HYDROXYAPATITE 191 3 8 2 SOL GEL METHOD IN THE PREPARATION OF BULK POROUS BIOCERAMIC 192 3 8 3 HYDROTHERMAL METHOD FOR CREATING CALCIUM OXIDE 192 3 8 4 SOLID STATE REACTIONS IN THE PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC APATITE 193 3 8 5 MELTING QUENCHING METHOD FOR BIOGLASS PREPARATION 193 3 8 6 CHALLENGES IN BIOCERAMIC SYNTHESIS AND MANUFACTURING 194 3 9 FABRICATION METHODS OF BIOMEDICAL GRADE ALLOYS 194 3 9 1 THERMOMECHANICAL PROCESS TMP 195 3 9 2 HOT ISO STATIC PRESSING HIP 195 3 9 3 POWDER METALLURGY SINTERING 196 3 9 4 SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION AND ISOTHERMAL FORGING 196 3 9 5 ELASTIC METAL ALLOY MANUFACTURING NITINOL 197 3 9 6 POST PROCESSING OF METALLIC ALLOYS TO BE USED IN BIOMEDICINE 198 3 9 7 CHALLENGES IN METAL FABRICATION FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 199 3 10 CONCLUSIONS 199 REFERENCES 200 CHAPTER 4 BIOMATERIALS AND THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM 223 4 1 THE HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE TOWARD BIOMATERIALS 223 4 1 1 THE BASICS OF THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM 223 4 1 2 CLASSES OF IMMUNE CELLS 224 4 1 3 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN IMMUNE CELLS 228 4 1 4 IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND THEIR ROLE TO IMMUNE RESPONSE ANTIBODY IMMUNE RESPONSE 229 4 1 5 THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX AND ACTIVATED COMPLEMENT PROTEINS PROTEINS ROLE IN IMMUNITY 230 4 2 THE BODY S GENERAL RESPONSE TOWARD BIOMATERIALS 232 4 2 1 FOREIGN BODY RESPONSE 232 4 2 2 INFLAMMATION AND WOUND HEALING PROCESS 234 4 3 THE BODY S RESPONSE TOWARD DIFFERENT CLASSES OF BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMEDICAL DEVICES 235 4 3 1 METALLIC MATERIALS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 235 4 3 2 CERAMIC MATERIALS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 239 4 3 3 POLYMERIC MATERIALS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 239 4 4 IMMUNE RESPONSES TO NANOMATERIALS 242 4 5 IMMUNE MODULATION TOOLS IN BIOMATERIALS 244 4 5 1 PHYSICAL MODIFICATIONS SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY AND HYDROPHILICITY 245 4 5 2 CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS 246 4 5 3 ACTIVE DELIVERY OF IMMUNE MODULATORY COMPOUNDS 247 4 6 CONCLUSION 247 REFERENCES 248 CHAPTER 5 BIOMATERIALS IN MEDICAL DEVICE DEVELOPMENT 257 5 1 BIOMATERIALS ROLE IN MEDICAL DEVICE DEVELOPMENT 257 5 1 1 CLASS I MEDICAL DEVICES 257 5 1 2 CLASS II MEDICAL DEVICES 258 5 1 3 CLASS III MEDICAL DEVICES 259 5 2 BIOMATERIALS IN MEDICAL DEVICES BIOSENSORS 259 5 3 BIOMATERIALS IN MEDICAL DEVICES VASCULAR AND NONVASCULAR STENTS 261 5 3 1 VASCULAR STENTS 262 5 3 2 NONVASCULAR STENTS 266 5 4 BIOMATERIAL IN MEDICAL DEVICES ARTIFICIAL HEART VALVES 270 5 4 1 MECHANICAL HEART VALVES 272 5 4 2 TISSUE ENGINEERED HEART VALVES 273 5 5 BIOMATERIAL IN MEDICAL DEVICES BONE PROSTHESIS AND IMPLANTS 276 5 5 1 BONE PROSTHESIS ARTIFICIAL HIP AND KNEE PROSTHESIS 277 5 6 BIOMATERIAL IN MEDICAL DEVICES INTRAPERITONEAL MESH IMPLANTS 281 5 7 CONCLUSION 284 REFERENCES 285 CHAPTER 6 BIOMATERIALS IN CANCER TREATMENT 297 6 1 CANCER AND ITS TREATMENT MODALITIES 297 6 2 BIOMATERIALS IN CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND DIAGNOSTICS 298 6 2 1 BIOMATERIAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR ENHANCING CHEMOTHERAPY EFFECTS 298 6 2 2 PASSIVE TUMOR TARGETING 302 6 2 3 ACTIVE TUMOR TARGETING 304 6 2 4 THE PROTON SPONGE EFFECT 305 6 2 5 NANOPARTICLE TRANSPORT ACROSS PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS 306 6 2 6 THERANOSTICS 308 6 3 BIOMATERIALS USED IN SURGICAL INTERVENTION OF CANCER 309 6 4 BIOMATERIALS USED IN HYPERTHERMIA TREATMENT OF CANCER 313 6 4 1 MAGNETIC HYPERTHERMIA NANOPARTICLE HEATING 316 6 4 2 MAGNETIC HYPERTHERMIA BULK HEATING 318 6 4 3 PHOTODYNAMIC HYPERTHERMIA THERAPY 320 6 4 4 METALLIC NANOPARTICLE MEDIATED PTT 321 6 4 5 CARBON BASED NANOMATERIAL MEDIATED PTT 321 6 4 6 POLYMERIC MATERIAL MEDIATED PTT 321 6 5 BIOMATERIALS USED IN IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER 322 6 5 1 IMPLANTABLE AND INJECTABLE BIOMATERIALS FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY 322 6 5 2 TRANSDERMAL BIOMATERIALS FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY 327 6 5 3 NANOPARTICLE TECHNOLOGY IN CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY 327 6 6 CONCLUSION 329 REFERENCES 330 CHAPTER 7 BIOMATERIALS IN DRUG DELIVERY 345 7 1 PHARMACOLOGICAL CONCEPTS 345 7 1 1 CONVENTIONAL DELIVERY METHODS FOR DRUG COMPOUNDS 345 7 1 2 DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS 347 7 1 3 DRUG TO DRUG INTERACTIONS 349 7 1 4 ADVERSE AND SIDE EFFECTS OF THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS 349 7 1 5 THERAPEUTIC RANGE 350 7 1 6 PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS 350 7 2 BIOMATERIALS ROLE IN DRUG DELIVERY 351 7 2 1 BIOMATERIALS IN SYSTEMIC DRUG DELIVERY 353 7 2 2 BIOMATERIALS IN ALTERNATIVE DRUG DELIVERY 372 7 2 3 BIOMATERIALS IN GENE THERAPY AGENT DELIVERY 379 7 2 4 BIOMATERIALS ALLOW DRUG DELIVERY CAPABILITIES IN MEDICAL DEVICES 384 7 3 CONCLUSION 385 REFERENCES 385 CHAPTER 8 BIOMATERIALS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING 399 8 1 TISSUE DISEASES AND REPAIR PROCESS 399 8 1 1 PHYSICAL INJURIES AND ITS HEALING PROCESS 400 8 1 2 DEGENERATIVE AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 403 8 1 3 PERFUSION AND ISCHEMIC ACCIDENTS 407 8 1 4 CONGENITAL DEFECTS 410 8 2 TISSUE ENGINEERING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 410 8 2 1 CONVENTIONAL TISSUE ENGINEERING 412 8 2 2 STEM CELL BIOMATERIAL BASED TISSUE ENGINEERING 426 8 2 3 BIOMATERIALS IN CLOSED LOOP TISSUE ENGINEERING METHODS 432 8 3 CONCLUSIONS 433 REFERENCES 433