DRUGS AND THE DRUG HABIT
Chapter 1: Drug Use and Abuse 1 Defining Drug Abuse 3 Characteristics of Drug Use and Abuse 4 The Functions of Psychotropic Drugs 5 The Nature of Drug Addiction and Dependence 9 History of Drug Control 15 Opium Trade in China in the 18th and 19th Centuries 16 International Controls 17 National Controls 18 Extent of Contemporary Drug Abuse 20 Mexico’s Raging Drug Wars 21 Designer Drugs 24 Chapter 2: Social and Ethical Issues of Drug Use and Abuse 26 Conflicting Values in Drug Use 26 Erich Fromm 28 Youth and Drugs 29 Narcotics in the Public Consciousness 30 Issues of Legalization 31 Speaking Out on Drug Decriminalization 32 Proponents of Legalization 32 The Impact on Youth 35 The Impact of Drug Prices 36 Drug Abuse in Sports 37 Steroid Use in Major League Baseball 38 Statements Before Congress 39 Chapter 3: Psychotropic and Hallucinogenic Drugs 45 Opium and Its Derivatives 45 Opium Alkaloids 46 Opium Poppy 46 Physiological Actions of Opiates 50 Thomas De Quincey 53 Means of Administration 54 Therapy for Opiate Dependence 55 Vincent Paul Dole 57 CONTENTS Hallucinogenic Drugs and Hallucination 57 Types of Hallucinogens 58 Albert Hofmann 61 Peyote 64 History of Hallucinogens 65 Physiological and Psychological Effects 66 Hallucinogen Users 68 Timothy Leary 69 Chapter 4: Nonnarcotic Drugs, Cannabis, and Performance-Enhancing Drugs 71 Barbiturates, Stimulants, and Tranquilizers 71 Barbiturates 72 Stimulants 73 Coffee 76 Coca 77 Tranquilizers 81 Cannabis 82 Valium 82 Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Practices 87 Erythropoietin 90 Gene Doping 91 Chapter 5: Alcohol Consumption and Health 92 Types of Alcoholic Beverages 92 Wine 93 Ethyl Alcohol 94 Beer 95 Distilled Spirits 95 Proof 95 Alcohol and the Individual 96 Absorption Through the Stomach and Intestines 96 Processing in the Liver 97 Accumulation in the Body 98 Effects of Alcohol on the Brain 100 Effects on Behaviour 100 Blood Alcohol Concentration 102 Breathalyzer 102 Long-Term Health Effects of Drinking 103 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 105 Chapter 6: Alcohol and Society 106 Alcohol Consumption in Society 107 History of Alcohol Use: Early Societies 107 History of Alcohol Use: Classical Peoples 108 Tavern 111 Alcohol in Modern Societies 112 Temperance Movement 114 Prohibition 116 Alcohol Consumption Worldwide 120 Public House 121 Alcohol Problems and Controls 125 Individual and Social Effects 125 Alcohol Control 126 Modern Trends in Understanding Alcohol Consumption 127 Chapter 7: Alcoholism 129 Defining Alcoholism 129 Elvin M Jellinek 131 Causes of Alcoholism 131 Prevalence of Alcoholism 133 Jacques Bertillon 134 Diseases Associated with Alcoholism 134 Acute Diseases 135 Chronic Diseases 136 Treatment of Alcoholism 139 Physiological Therapies 139 Psychological Therapies 140 Social Treatment 142 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 144 Results of Treatment 144 Chapter 8: Smoking: Tobacco and Health 145 Methods of Tobacco Consumption 145 Chewing Tobacco 146 Cigars 147 Snuff 148 Tobacco Pipe 149 Cigarettes 149 Smoking and Health 151 Health Consequences of Smoking 152 Nicotine 155 Sir Richard Shaboe Doll 158 Smoking Cessation 159 Chapter 9: Smoking: Public Policy and Social and Cultural History 164 Smoking and Public Policy 165 The Goals and Strategies of Public Policy on Smoking 166 Regulation 167 Taxation 168 Litigation Against the Tobacco Industry 168 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act 168 A Social and Cultural History of Smoking 169 Tobacco in New World Culture 170 Sacred Pipe 170 Tobacco in Old World Culture 171 Jean Nicot 173 The Age of the Cigarette 174 George Washington Hill 178 Conclusion 180