THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FACE
1 EXTERIOR OF SKULL 2 INTERIOR OF SKULL 3 CERVICAL VERTEBRAE 4 MANDIBLE 5 SCALP AND TEMPLE 6 FACE 7 EYELIDS AND LACRIMAL APPARATUS 8 NECK: SKIN, FASCIA AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID 9 NECK: POSTERIOR TRIANGLE 10 NECK: ANTERIOR TRIANGLE 11 PAROTID REGION 12 TEMPORAL AND INFRATEMPORAL REGIONS 13 TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT AND STYLOID APPARATUS 14 SUBMANDIBULAR REGION 15 THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS 16 TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS AND THYMUS 17 NECK: BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS 18 LAST FOUR CRANIAL NERVES 19 PERIPHERAL PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA AND CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC CHAIN 20 PREVERTEBRAL AND PARAVERTEBRAL REGIONS 21 BACK OF THE NECK 22 JOINTS OF THE NECK 23 CRANIAL CAVITY CONTENTS 24 PITUITARY GLAND 25 ORBIT I: BONY ORBIT AND MUSCLES OF ORBIT 26 ORBIT II: NERVES AND VESSELS OF ORBIT 27 MOUTH (ORAL CAVITY) 28 TONGUE AND TASTE 29 PALATE 30 PHARYNX 31 PALATINI TONSILS AND AUDITORY TUBE 32 NOSE 33 PARANASAL AIR SINUSES AND PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA 34 LARYNX 35 EXTERNAL AND MIDDLE EAR 36 INTERNAL EAR 37 EYEBALL 38 SURFACE MARKING OF HEAD, NECK AND FACE 39 RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF HEAD, NECK AND FACE 40 CRANIAL BONES SKULL (SKULL = CRANIUM + MANDIBLE) FOR DETAILS OF INDIVIDUAL SKULL BONES, SEE CHAPTER 40 SKULL IS THE BONY SKELETON OF THE HEAD IT CONSISTS OF 22 BONES AND 6 EAR OSSICLES CRANIUM IS THE BONY STRUCTURE FORMED BY SKULL BONE EXCEPT MANDIBLE (CRANIUM = SKULL IN GREEK) MANDIBLE OR LOWER JAWBONE IS THE ONLY MOBILE BONE IN THE SKULL PARTS OF SKULL THE SKULL IS SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS: 1 CALVARIA (BRAIN BOX OR NEUROCRANIUM): IT IS THE UPPER PART OF THE CRANIUM WHICH ENCLOSES THE BRAIN IT CONSISTS OF A SKULL CAP OR VAULT – UPPER PART B BASE OF THE SKULL – LOWER PART 2 VISCEROCRANIUM (FACIAL SKELETON): IT FORMS THE REST OF THE SKULL INCLUDING MANDIBLE FUNCTIONS OF SKULL PROTECTION: IT PROTECTS THE BRAIN AND MENINGES SPACE: IT PROVIDES CONFINED SPACE FOR BRAIN, MENINGES, AND CSF CAVITIES FOR VISCERA: IT PROVIDES CAVITIES FOR SPECIAL ORGANS SUCH AS EYE, MIDDLE AND INTERNAL EAR, OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM, AND TONGUE PATENT PASSAGE: IT PROVIDES PATENT (OPEN) PASSAGE FOR AIR (NOSE, NOSTRILS) AND FOOD (ORAL CAVITY) EXTERIOR OF SKULL COMPETENCIES AN26 1: DEMONSTRATE ANATOMICAL POSITION OF SKULL, AND IDENTIFY AND LOCATE THE INDIVIDUAL SKULL BONES IN SKULL AN26 2: DESCRIBE THE FEATURES OF NORMA FRONTALIS, VERTICALIS, OCCIPITALIS, LATERALIS, AND BASALIS AN26 3: DESCRIBE CRANIAL CAVITY, ITS SUBDIVISIONS, FORAMINA, AND STRUCTURES PASSING THROUGH THEM 5 MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS: IT PROVIDES ATTACHMENTS TO THE MUSCLES OF MASTICATION AND FACIAL EXPRESSION BONES OF THE SKULL THE SKULL CONSISTS OF 22 BONES AND 6 EAR OSSICLES WHICH ARE SUBDIVIDED AS (FIG 1 1) A CRANIAL SKELETON OR CALVARIA: IT INCLUDES 8 BONES AND 6 EAR OSSICLES AS FOLLOW: 1 PAIRED BONES: PARIETAL AND TEMPORAL 2 UNPAIRED BONES: FRONTAL, OCCIPITAL, SPHENOID, ETHMOID 3 PAIRED EAR OSSICLES: INCUS, MALLEUS, AND STAPES B FACIAL SKELETON: IT CONSISTS OF 14 BONES AS FOLLOWS: 1 PAIRED BONES: MAXILLA, ZYGOMATIC, NASAL, LACRIMAL, PALATINE, INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA 2 UNPAIRED BONES: MANDIBLE AND VOMER FIG 1 1: SKULL SHOWING CRANIAL SKELETON (PINK COLOR) AND FACIAL SKELETON (GREEN COLOR) (LATERAL VIEW) JOINT OF SKULL THE BONES OF SKULL ARE CONNECTED WITH EACH OTHER BY IMMOVABLE FIBROUS JOINTS CALLED SUTURES (CRANIAL SUTURES) THESE ARE SYNARTHROSIS, THAT IS, IN NORMAL CONDITION, THERE IS NO MOVEMENT OTHER THAN SUTURE, THE SKULL HAS THE FOLLOWING JOINTS: 1 TWO PAIRS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS BETWEEN EAR OSSICLES 2 ONE PAIR OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTS THE SUTURES CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO 1 PLANE SUTURE – EDGES OF BONE ARE FLAT, FOR EXAMPLE, INTERNASAL SUTURE 2 SERRATE SUTURE, FOR EXAMPLE, CORONAL SUTURE 3 DENTICULATE SUTURE, FOR EXAMPLE, LAMBDOID SUTURE 4 SQUAMOUS SUTURE, FOR EXAMPLE, PARIETOTEMPORAL SUTURE 5 SCHINDYLESIS, FOR EXAMPLE, PALATOMAXILLARY SUTURE ANATOMICAL POSITION OF SKULL HOLD THE SKULL IN BOTH THE HANDS SO THAT (FIG 1 2):PRACTICAL GUIDE 1 THE ORBITAL CAVITIES ARE DIRECTED FORWARD 2 THE LOWER MARGIN OF THE ORBIT AND UPPER MARGIN OF THE EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS LIE IN THE SAME HORIZON- TAL PLANE (CALLED FRANKFURT’S PLANE) NORMA (VIEWS) OF THE SKULL THE SKULL IS STUDIED EXTERNALLY IN THE FOLLOWING VIEWS: 1 NORMA VERTICALIS: SUPERIOR VIEW 2 NORMA FRONTALIS: ANTERIOR VIEW 3 NORMA OCCIPITAL: POSTERIOR VIEW 4 NORMA LATERALIS: LATERAL VIEW 5 NORMA BASALIS: INFERIOR VIEW THE SKULL IS ALSO STUDIED AS INDIVIDUAL SKULL BONE AND INTERIOR OF THE SKULL NORMA VERTICALIS THE TOP VIEW OF THE SKULL IS CALLED NORMA VERTICALIS SHAPE: OVAL (WIDER POSTERIORLY THAN ANTERIORLY) BONES AND SUTURES OF NORMA VERTICALIS BONES (FIGS 1 3, 1 4) 1 FRONTAL BONE 2 PARIETAL BONES 3 OCCIPITAL BONE SUTURES 1 CORONAL 2 SAGITTAL 3 LAMBDOID 4 METOPIC (OCCASIONAL) FEATURES OF NORMA VERTICALIS BONY FEATURES (FIGS 1 3, 1 4, FLOWCHART 1 1) FRONTAL BONE FORMS THE ANTERIOR PART THE OCCIPITA BONE FORMS THE POSTERIOR PART AND THE PARIETAL BONE (PAIRED) FORMS THE LATERAL PART SUTURES 1 CORONAL SUTURE (CORONAL = CROWN IN LATIN) LIES BETWEEN FRONTAL AND TWO PARIETAL BONES VIVA 2 SAGITTAL SUTURE LIES IN THE MEDIAN PLANE BETWEEN TWO PARIETAL BONES VIVA 3 LAMBDOID SUTURE LIES POSTERIORLY BETWEEN OCCIPITAL AND TWO PARIETAL BONES IT IS LAMBDA-SHAPED 4 METOPIC SUTURE IS PRESENT OCCASIONALLY (IN 3 TO 8% INDIVIDUALS) IT LIES IN THE MEDIAN PLANE AND DIVIDES THE FRONTAL BONE INTO TWO HALVES USUALLY, IT OSSIFIES (FUSES) BY 6 YEARS OF AGE MCQ REFERENCE POINT 1 VERTEX: IT IS THE HIGHEST POINT ON THE SKULL IT LIES ON THE SAGITTAL SUTURE VIVA 2 BREGMA: IT IS THE MEETING POINT BETWEEN CORONAL AND SAGITTAL SUTURES VIVA IT IS THE SITE OF ANTERIOR FONTANELLE (CLOSURE TIME: 18–24 MONTHS) REID’S BASELINE IS A HORIZONTAL LINE PASSING THROUGH THE LOWER MARGIN OF THE ORBIT AND THE CENTER OF EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS (FIG 1 2) FONTANELLE: THESE ARE SPACES BETWEEN THE SKULL BONES DURING EMBRYONIC LIFE THEY ALLOW THE PASSAGE OF BABY’S HEAD THROUGH BIRTH CANAL (CERVIX AND VAGINA) AND CLOSES BY 24 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH FIG 1 2: ANATOMICAL POSITION OF THE SKULL THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FACE 3 LAMBDA: IT IS THE MEETING POINT OF THE LAMBDOID AND SAGITTAL SUTURES IT IS THE SITE OF POSTERIOR FONTANELLE (CLOSURE TIME: 2–3 MONTHS) VIVA 4 PARIETAL EMINENCE (TUBER) IS AN AREA OF MAXIMUM CONVEXITY OF THE PARIETAL BONE IT IS A COMMON SITE OF SKULL FRACTURES 5 OBELION IS A POINT ON SAGITTAL SUTURE BETWEEN TWO PARIETAL FORAMINA 6 TEMPORAL LINES (FOR DETAILS, REFER NORMA LATERALIS) OTHER FEATURES 1 PARIETAL FORAMEN (ONE ON EACH SIDE) IS A SMALL FORAMEN IN PARIETAL BONE IT LIES NEAR THE SAGITTAL SUTURE, ABOUT 2 5–4 CM IN FRONT OF THE LAMBDA STRUCTURES PASSING THROUGH: EMISSARY VEIN CONNEC- TING VEINS OF SCALP AND SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS PASSES THROUGH THE PARIETAL FORAMEN NORMA OCCIPITALIS THE POSTERIOR VIEW OF THE SKULL IS CALLED NORMA OCCIPITALIS SHAPE: IT IS CONVEX UPWARD AND ON SIDE, FATTENED BELOW BONES AND SUTURES OF NORMA OCCIPITALIS BONES (FIGS 1 5, 1 6) 1 PARIETAL BONES 2 OCCIPITAL BONE 3 MASTOID PART OF TEMPORAL BONE SUTURES 1 LAMBDOID SUTURE 2 OCCIPITOMASTOID SUTURE 3 PARIETOMASTOID SUTURE FEATURES OF NORMA OCCIPITALIS (FIGS 1 5, 1 6, FLOWCHART 1 2) BONY FEATURES 1 PARIETAL BONES FORM UPPER PART 2 OCCIPITAL BONE FORMS LOWER PART 3 MASTOID PART OF THE TEMPORAL BONE FORMS INFEROLATERAL PART SUTURES OF NORMA OCCIPITALIS THE BONES OF NORMA OCCIPITALIS ARTICULATE AT THE FOLLOWING SUTURES: 1 LAMBDOID SUTURE LIES BETWEEN OCCIPITAL AND TWO PARIETAL BONES IT IS LAMBDA-SHAPED WORMIAN OR SUTURE BONES ARE COMMONLY SEEN ALONG THE LAMBDOID SUTURE MCQ 2 OCCIPITOMASTOID SUTURE LIES BETWEEN OCCIPITAL BONE AND MASTOID PART OF TEMPORAL BONE 3 PARIETOMASTOID SUTURE LIES BETWEEN PARIETAL BONE AND MASTOID PART – TEMPORAL BONE 4 SAGITTAL SUTURE: THE POSTERIORMOST PART OF SAGITTAL SUTURE IS ALSO SEEN IN NORMA OCCIPITALIS REFERENCE POINTS 1 LAMBDA: IT IS THE MEETING POINT OF THE LAMBDOID AND SAGITTAL SUTURES FIG 1 3: NORMA VERTICALIS FLOWCHART 1 1: FEATURES OF NORMA VERTICALIS FIG 1 4: PRACTICE FIGURE: NORMA VERTICALIS THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FACE FLOWCHART 1 2: FEATURES OF NORMA OCCIPITALIS 2 EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE: IT IS A MEDIAN BONY PROJECTION OF THE OUTER SURFACE OF OCCIPITAL BONE DEMARCATES THE JUNCTION OF NECK AND HEAD ATTACHMENTS: TRAPEZIUS (ORIGIN), UPPER END OF LIGAMENTUM NUCHAE 3 INION: IT IS THE MOST PROMINENT POINT OF THE EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE IT CAN BE PALPATED EASILY 4 SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINE: IT IS ARCHED LINE, EXTENDING LATERALLY FROM THE EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE ATTACHMENTS TRAPEZIUS ORIGINATES FROM MEDIAL ONE-THIRD OF SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINE STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID (ABOVE) AND SPLENIUS CAPITIS (BELOW) ARE INSERTED IN LATERAL ONE-THIRD OF SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINE 5 HIGHEST NUCHAL LINE: IT IS LESS DISTRICT CURVED LINE, EXTENDING LATERALLY FROM THE EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE IT LIES ABOUT 1 CM ABOVE THE SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINE ATTACHMENTS MEDIAL PART: EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS LATERAL PART: OCCIPITALIS OR OCCIPITAL BELLY OF OCCIPITOFRONTALIS MUSCLE (ORIGIN) NOTE: IF THE HIGHEST NUCHAL LINE IS ABSENT, THEN EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS AND OCCIPITALIS ARE ATTACHED TO THE SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINE 6 MASTOID FORAMEN: IT IS PRESENT ON THE MASTOID PART OF TEMPORAL BONE AT OR NEAR OCCIPITOMASTOID SUTURE STRUCTURES PASSING THROUGH: 1 EMISSARY VEIN (CONNECTING VEINS SCALP WITH SIGMOID SINUS) 2 MENINGEAL BRANCH OF OCCIPITAL ARTERY FIG 1 6: PRACTICE FIGURE: NORMA OCCIPITALIS FIG 1 5: NORMA OCCIPITALIS THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FACE NORMA FRONTALIS THE FRONT VIEW OF THE SKULL IS CALLED NORMA FRONTALIS SHAPE: IT IS OVAL IN OUTLINE (BROADER ABOVE THAN BELOW) BONES AND SUTURES OF NORMA FRONTALIS BONES (FIG 1 7) 1 FRONTAL 2 NASAL (PAIR) 3 MAXILLA (PAIR) 4 ZYGOMATIC BONES 5 MANDIBLE 6 BONY ORBIT SUTURES 1 INTERNASAL 2 FRONTONASAL 3 FRONTOZYGOMATIC 4 FRONTOMAXILLARY 5 ZYGOMATICOMAXILLARY FEATURES OF NORMA FRONTALIS BONY FORMATION (FIGS 1 8, 1 9) 1 FRONTAL BONE FORMS THE FRONTAL REGION OR FOREHEAD 2 MAXILLAE (RIGHT AND LEFT) FORM THE UPPER JAW 3 NASAL BONES (RIGHT AND LEFT) FORM THE BRIDGE OF THE NOSE 4 ZYGOMATIC BONES (RIGHT AND LEFT) FORM THE BONY PROMINENCE OF THE CHEEK 5 MANDIBLE FORMS LOWER JAW (FOR DETAILS, SEE CHAPTER 4) SUTURES 1 INTERNASAL SUTURE LIES IN THE MIDLINE BETWEEN RIGHT AND LEFT NASAL BONES 2 FRONTONASAL SUTURE LIES BETWEEN FRONTAL BONE AND NASAL BONES 3 FRONTOMAXILLARY SUTURE LIES BETWEEN THE FRONTAL BONE AND THE MAXILLA 4 FRONTOZYGOMATIC SUTURE LIES BETWEEN ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF FRONTAL BONE AND FRONTAL PROCESS OF ZYGOMATIC BONE 5 NASOMAXILLARY SUTURE LIES BETWEEN NASAL BONE AND MAXILLA 6 INTERMAXILLARY SUTURE LIES AT RIGHT AND LEFT MAXILLAE 7 ZYGOMATICOMAXILLARY SUTURE LIES BETWEEN ZYGOMATIC BONE AND MAXILLAE DESCRIPTIVE DIVISIONS FOR THE DESCRIPTIVE PURPOSES, THE NORMA FRONTALIS IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR PARTS AS FOLLOWS (FLOWCHART 1 3): 1 FRONTAL REGION 2 ORBITAL OPENINGS 3 ANTERIOR NASAL APERTURE 4 LOWER PART OF THE FACE FRONTAL REGION OF NORMA FRONTALIS BONES (FIGS 1 8, 1 9) THE FRONTAL REGION IS FORMED BY THE SQUAMOUS PART OF THE FRONTAL BONE IT SHOWS THE FOLLOWING FEATURES: 1 SUPERCILIARY ARCHES ARE ROUNDED, CURVED ELEVATION (ONE ON EACH SIDE), SITUATED JUST ABOVE THE MEDIAL PART OF EACH ORBIT 2 GLABELLA IS A SMOOTH ELEVATED AREA IN THE MEDIAN PLANE WHERE THE SUPERCILIARY ARCHES MEET 3 NASION IS A MEDIAN POINT ON THE SKULL AT THE JUNCTION OF INTERNASAL AND FRONTONASAL SUTURES 4 FRONTAL EMINENCE IS A SMOOTH ROUNDED ELEVATION ABOVE THE SUPERCILIARY ARCH INCA BONE: IT IS OCCASIONALLY OCCURRING INTERPARIETAL BONE IT IS A TRIANGULAR BONE LOCATED AT THE APEX OF SQUAMOUS (MEMBRANOUS) PART OF OCCIPITAL BONE IT REPRESENTS SEPARATED MEMBRANE PART OF OCCIPITAL BONE NOTE: IT IS NOT A SUTURE BONE THE SUPERCILIARY ARCHES ARE MORE MARKED IN MALES AND FRONTAL EMINENCES ARE MORE PROMINENT IN FEMALES FIG 1 7: BONES OF NORMA FRONTALIS THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FACE FIG 1 8: NORMA FRONTALIS FIG 1 9: PRACTICE FIGURE: NORMA FRONTALIS FLOWCHART 1 3: FEATURES OF NORMA FRONTALIS THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FACE ORBITAL OPENINGS EACH ORBITAL OPENING IS A QUADRANGULAR OPENING OF THE BONY ORBIT IT HAS FOUR MARGINS AS FOLLOWS (FIGS 1 8 AND 1 9): 1 SUPERIOR ORBITAL MARGIN IS FORMED BY FRONTAL BONE 2 MEDIAL ORBITAL MARGIN IS FORMED BY FRONTAL BONE ABOVE AND LACRIMAL CREST OF THE FRONTAL PROCESSES OF THE MAXILLA BELOW 3 INFERIOR ORBITAL MARGIN IS FORMED BY THE ZYGOMATIC BONE LATERALLY AND MAXILLA MEDIALLY 4 LATERAL ORBITAL MARGIN IS FORMED BY THE FRONTAL PROCESS OF ZYGOMATIC BONE BELOW AND ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF FRONTAL BONE ABOVE SUPRAORBITAL NOTCH IS THE NOTCH AT THE JUNCTION OF LATERAL TWO-THIRDS AND MEDIAL ONE-THIRD OF THE SUPRAORBITAL MARGIN STRUCTURES PASSING THROUGH: SUPRAORBITAL NERVE AND VESSELS VIVA NOTE: SOMETIMES, THE SUPRAORBITAL NOTCH IS PRESENT AS SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN BONY NASAL APERTURE THE EXTERNAL OR ANTERIOR BONY NASAL APERTURE IS A PEAR- SHAPED OPENING (FIGS 1 8, 1 9) BOUNDARIES SUPERIORLY: NASAL BONE ON EACH SIDE AND INFERIORLY: NASAL NOTCH OF MAXILLA FEATURES ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE IS A SHARP MEDIAN BONY PROJECTION AT INFERIOR BOUNDARY OF ANTERIOR BONY NASAL APERTURE IT IS PRESENT AT THE MEETING POINT OF TWO MAXILLAE RHINION IS THE LOWEST POINT OF INTERNASAL SUTURE LOWER PART OF FACE THE LOWER PART OF FACE PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING FEATURES (FIGS 1 8, 1 9): BONES FORMING 1 MAXILLA FORMS UPPER JAW 2 ZYGOMATIC BONE FORMS MALAR PROMINENCES 3 MANDIBLE FORMS LOWER JAW UPPER JAW OR MAXILLAE THE UPPER JAW IS FORMED BY TWO MAXILLAE IT PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING FEATURES: NASAL NOTCH WHICH FORMS INFEROLATERAL BOUNDARY OF ANTERIOR BONY NASAL APERTURE ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE IS A MEDIAN SHARP BONY PROJECTION INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN LIES ABOUT 1 CM BELOW THE INFRA- ORBITAL MARGIN STRUCTURES PASSING THROUGH: INFRAORBITAL NERVE AND VESSELS VIVA PROCESSES OF MAXILLA 1 FRONTAL PROCESS IS DIRECTED UPWARD ARTICULATION: IT ARTICULATES WITH FRONTAL BONE AT FRONTO- MAXILLARY SUTURE, WITH NASAL BONE AT NASOMAXILLARY SUTURE AND WITH LACRIMAL BONE AT LACRIMOMAXILLAY SUTURE 2 ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF MAXILLA IS SHORT ARTICULATION: IT ARTICULATES WITH MAXILLARY PROCESS OF ZYGOMATIC BONE 3 ALVEOLAR PROCESS IS THICK ARCHED BORDER WITH EIGHT SOCKETS FOR UPPER TEETH INCISIVE FOSSA LIES ABOVE THE INCISOR TEETH CANINE FOSSA LIES LATERAL TO CANINE EMINENCE ZYGOMATIC BONE IT FORMS PROMINENCE OF THE CHEEK ARTICULATION: ON NORMA FRONTALIS, ARTICULATION WITH FRONTAL AND MAXILLA IS VISIBLE ATTACHMENTS: ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR AND MINOR ORIGINATE FROM ZYGOMATIC BONE ZYGOMATICOFACIAL FORAMEN IS PRESENT ON FACIAL SURFACE OF ZYGOMATIC BONE STRUCTURES PASSING THROUGH: ZYGOMATICOFACIAL BRANCHES OF ZYGOMATIC NERVE (BRANCH OF MAXILLARY DIVISION OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE) VIVA MANDIBLE IT IS A LOWER JAWBONE (FOR DETAILS, SEE CHAPTER 4) IT SHOWS THE FOLLOWING FEATURES: 1 ALVEOLAR ARCH 2 BODY OF MANDIBLE 3 SYMPHYSIS MENTI 4 MENTAL PROTUBERANCE 5 GONION 6 MENTAL FORAMEN 7 MENTAL NERVES AND VESSELS 8 OBLIQUE LINE ON THE OUTER SURFACE OF MANDIBLE 9 RAMUS OF MANDIBLE ATTACHMENTS OF NORMA FRONTALIS (FIG 1 10) CORRUGATOR SUPERCILLI ORIGINATES FROM THE MEDIAL PART OF SUPERCILIARY ARCH FIG 1 10: ATTACHMENTS OF NORMA FRONTALIS THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FACE PROCERUS ORIGINATES FROM THE NASAL BONE NEAR THE MEDIAN PLANE ORBICULARIS OCULI (ORBITAL PART) ORIGINATES FROM THE FRONTAL PROCESS OF MAXILLA AND NASAL PROCESS OF THE FRONTAL BONE MEDIAN PALPEBRAL LIGAMENT IS ATTACHED TO THE FRONTAL PROCESS OF MAXILLA LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE NASI ORIGINATES FROM THE FRONTAL PROCESS OF MAXILLA LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS ORIGINATES FROM THE MAXILLA BETWEEN THE INFRAORBITAL MARGIN AND THE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS ORIGINATES FROM CANINE FOSSA NASALIS AND DEPRESSOR SEPTI ORIGINATE FROM THE MAXILLA, NEAR THE NASAL NOTCH INCISIVUS (PART OF ORBICULARIS ORIS) ORIGINATES FROM MAXILLA JUST BELOW THE ORIGIN OF DEPRESSOR SEPTI 6 ZYGOMATIC 7 MAXILLA 8 NASAL 9 MANDIBLE SUTURES 1 CORONAL 2 PARIETOSQUAMOUS 3 LAMBDOID FEATURES OF NORMA LATERALIS THE BONES FORMING THE NORMA LATERALIS PRESENT THE FOLLOWING FEATURES (FIGS 1 12 TO 1 14, , FLOWCHART 1 4): 1 TEMPORAL LINES: THESE LINES ARE ARCHED LINES PROJECTING BACKWARD FROM ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF THE FRONTAL BONE AND THEN BIFURCATING INTO SUPERIOR AND INFERIO TEMPORAL LINES SUPERIOR TEMPORAL LINE BECOMES INDISTINGUISHA- BLE, POSTERIORLY INFERIOR TEMPORAL LINE IS MORE PROMINENT AND BECOMES CONTINUOUS WITH THE POSTERIOR ROOT OF ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF TEMPORAL BONE ATTACHMENTS TEMPORAL FASCIA IS ATTACHED TO THE SUPERIOR TEMPO- RAL LINE TEMPORALIS ORIGINATES FROM TEMPORAL FOSSA 2 SUPRAMASTOID CREST: IT IS A CURVED PART OF INTERIOR TEMPORAL LINE THAT DEMARCATES THE MASTOID PART FROM THE SQUAMOUS PART OF TEMPORAL BONE 3 ZYGOMATIC ARCH: IT IS A HORIZONTAL BAR OF BONE ON EACH SIDE OF THE HEAD, IN FRONT OF THE EAR FORMATION: ANTERIOR ONE-THIRD: TEMPORAL PROCESS OF THE ZYGOMATIC BONE POSTERIOR TWO-THIRDS: ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF TEMPORAL BONE ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL SUTURE CONNECTS THE ABOVE- MENTIONED PROCESSES THIS SUTURE IS DIRECTED DOWNWARD AND BACKWARD FEATURES: IT PRESENTS TWO SURFACES: OUTER AND INNER, AND TWO BORDERS: UPPER AND LOWER ATTACHMENTS MASSETER ORIGINATES FROM MEDIAL SURFACE AND LOWER BORDER OF ZYGOMATIC ARCH VIVA LATERAL LIGAMENT OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT ATTACHED TO THE TUBERCLE OF THE ROOT OF ZYGOMATIC ARCH VIVA 4 STRUCTURES PASSING THROUGH THE GAP BETWEEN ZYGO- MATIC ARCH AND THE SIDE OF SKULL:PRACTICAL GUIDE 1 TENDON OF TEMPORALIS 2 DEEP TEMPORAL NERVES AND VESSELS NASAL BONE IS COMMONLY FRACTURED FACIAL BONE IN BOXERS AND CRICKETERS MANDIBLE AND PARIETAL EMINENCE ARE ALSO COMMONLY FRACTURED NORMA LATERALIS THE LATERAL VIEW OF THE SKULL IS CALLED NORMA LATERALIS BONES AND SUTURES OF NORMA LATERALIS BONES (FIG 1 11) 1 FRONTAL 2 PARIETAL 3 OCCIPITAL 4 TEMPORAL 5 SPHENOID FIG 1 11: BONES OF NORMA LATERALIS THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FACE FIG 1 13: PRACTICE FIGURE: NORMA LATERALIS FIG 1 12: NORMA LATERALIS FLOWCHART 1 4: FEATURES OF NORMA LATERALIS THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FACE