QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR DENTAL STUDENTS
CONTENTS PREFACE VII CHAPTER STUDY TECHNIQUES CHAPTER BASIC ORAL ANATOMY I INTRODUCTION II STRUCTURES OF THE ORAL CAVITY III CRANIAL BONES IV FACIAL BONES V MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK DENTAL CHARTING I TOOTH DIAGRAMS II COLOR CODING DURING CHARTING III ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED DURING CHARTING IV ORAL EXAMINATION INFECTION CONTROL I UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS II PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT III HANDLING SHARPS IV STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION OF INSTRUMENTS V STERILIZATION METHODS VI BIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND PROCESS INDICATORS VII CHEMICAL GERMICIDES VIII CARE OF DENTAL EQUIPMENT IX LABORATORY MATERIALS X BIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SPORE TESTING XI HOUSEKEEPING AND LAUNDRY XII BIOBURDEN SPILLS XIII PROCESSING INSTRUMENTS XIV EXPOSURE AND ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION XV RECORD KEEPING XVI HAZARD COMMUNICATION XVII BIOHAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT XVIII GENERAL OF?CE SAFETY XIX OSHA TASK ORGANIZATION XX GOVERNMENT AGENCIES XXI TREATMENT ROOM INFECTION CONTROL XXII HANDLING PATIENT CHARTS AND RADIOGRAPHS RADIOGRAPHY I INDICATIONS FOR DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS II CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS III RADIATION PHYSICS IV TYPES OF RADIATION V MEASUREMENTS OF RADIATION VI EFFECTS OF RADIATION VII EXPOSURE TECHNIQUES VIII RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT IX PROTECTION DURING RADIOGRAPHIC EXPOSURE X INFECTION CONTROL XI PATIENT MANAGEMENT DURING RADIATION EXPOSURE XII PROCESSING RADIOGRAPHS XIII DUPLICATING RADIOGRAPHS XIV DARKROOM MAINTENANCE XV MOUNTING RADIOGRAPHS DENTAL MATERIALS AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES I ALGINATE (IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID) II ALGINATE TRAYS III ARMAMENTARIUM NEEDED FOR THE ALGINATE IMPRESSION PROCEDURE IV PROCEDURE FOR TAKING ALGINATE IMPRESSIONS V CUSTOM TRAYS VI ARMAMENTARIUM FOR CUSTOM TRAY FABRICATION VII PROCEDURE VIII BITE REGISTRATION IX PROCEDURE FOR TAKING A BITE REGISTRATION X HYDROCOLLOID IMPRESSION MATERIAL XI ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS XII PUTTY WASH METHOD XIII THE USE OF A STENT XIV GYPSUM MATERIALS XV DENTAL WAXES XVI FABRICATING TEMPORARY RESTORATIONS XVII DENTAL CEMENTS XVIII COMPOSITE RESIN MATERIALS XIX AMALGAM RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY I HAND INSTRUMENTS II BASIC SETUP III HAND INSTRUMENTS FOR RESTORATIVE PROCEDURES IV DENTAL HANDPIECES V CARE OF HANDPIECES VI DENTAL BURS VII DENTAL DAM ENDODONTICS I ANATOMY OF THE PULP II COMPOSITION OF THE PULP III ENDODONTIC PULP TESTING IV ENDODONTIC PROCEDURES V ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTATION VI MATERIALS USED IN ENDODONTICS VII INFECTION CONTROL DURING ENDODONTICS VIII RADIOGRAPHS DURING ENDODONTIC THERAPY IX ISOLATION OF OPERATIVE SITE DURING ENDODONTICS PERIODONTICS I PROGRESSION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE II INSTRUMENTATION USED IN PERIODONTICS III PERIODONTAL THERAPY IV PERIODONTAL SURGICAL TREATMENT V PERIODONTAL DRESSINGS VI SPLINTING VII PERIODONTAL CHART VIII CORONAL POLISHING CHAPTER 10 ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY I ORAL SURGEON II DENTAL ASSISTANT IN ORAL SURGERY III SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS IV ASSISTANT’S ROLE DURING OPERATIVE PROCEDURES V POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS VI ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES CHAPTER 11 PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY I SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE PEDIATRIC DENTIST CHAPTER 12 PROSTHODONTICS I FIXED PROSTHODONTICS II REMOVABLE UPPER OR LOWER PARTIAL DENTURE III INFECTION CONTROL CHAPTER 13 ORTHODONTICS I ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT II ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT PHASES III BAND AND BRACKET PLACEMENT IV DIRECT BOND BRACKETS V ARCH WIRE AND LIGATURE PLACEMENT VI ARCH WIRE PLACEMENT AND REMOVAL PROCEDURES VII TYPES OF INTRAORAL APPLIANCES USED IN ORTHODONTICS CHAPTER 14 PHARMACOLOGY AND PAIN CONTROL I DE?NITION II GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION OF DRUGS III ANESTHETIC SETUP IV LOCAL ANESTHETIC V TOPICAL ANESTHETICS VI DISPOSABLE ANESTHETIC NEEDLES VII RECAPPING THE ANESTHETIC NEEDLE VIII ADMINISTRATION OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA IX NITROUS OXIDE X IV SEDATION CHAPTER 15 MEDICAL AND DENTAL EMERGENCIES I DIAGNOSTIC VITAL SIGNS II CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION III MEDICAL EMERGENCIES IV DENTAL INJURIES CHAPTER 16 ORAL EVACUATION AND INSTRUMENT TRANSFER I ORAL EVACUATION II ISOLATION TECHNIQUES III CLOCK POSITIONS IV CLASSES OF MOTION V INSTRUMENT TRANSFER CHAPTER 17 LAW AND ETHICS IN THE DENTAL FIELD I RESPONSIBILITIES II ETHICS III JURISPRUDENCE CHAPTER 18 DENTAL OF?CE MANAGEMENT I THE FRONT OF?CE II PATIENT MANAGEMENT III MARKETING FOR THE DENTAL PRACTICE IV INVENTORY AND SUPPLY ORDERING FOR THE DENTAL OF?CE V CHOOSING SUPPLIES VI SETTING UP AN INVENTORY SYSTEM VII DENTAL INSURANCE VIII PREPARING DENTAL CLAIM FORMS IX FINANCIAL RECORDS IN DENTAL OF?CE MANAGEMENT X OTHER FORMS OF BOOKKEEPING SYSTEMS XI TYPES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE EXAM ANSWER SHEET FOR COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE EXAM ANSWERS TO COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE EXAM CONTENTS C H A P T E R STUDY TECHNIQUES MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS THE CERTI?ED DENTAL ASSISTANT EXAMINATION (CDA) MAY CONTAIN QUESTIONS KNOWN AS A-TYPE AND K-TYPE QUESTIONS A-TYPE QUESTIONS (ONE BEST ANSWER) A-TYPE QUESTIONS ARE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS THAT CONSIST OF A STEM AND FOUR OR ?VE LETTERED RESPONSE OPTIONS: THREE OR FOUR DISTRACTORS AND “ONE BEST ANSWER ” IT IS HELPFUL TO REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING TIPS WHEN ANSWERING THESE TYPES OF QUESTIONS: 1 READ THE QUESTION THOROUGHLY BEFORE ANSWERING 2 TRY NOT TO READ INTO THE QUESTION IT IS BETTER TO JUST READ IT AND TAKE IT THE WAY IT IS WRITTEN BY THE SAME TOKEN, DO NOT OMIT ANY INFORMATION 3 BEFORE REVIEWING THE OPTIONS, TRY TO ANSWER THE QUESTION IN YOUR HEAD 4 IF YOU CANNOT DETERMINE THE ANSWER ON YOUR OWN OR THE ANSWER IS NOT ONE OF THE OPTIONS AVAILABLE, TRY TO ELIMINATE THE ANSWERS YOU KNOW ARE NOT CORRECT 5 ALWAYS GO WITH YOUR ?RST CHOICE NEVER GO BACK AND CHANGE AN ANSWER UNLESS YOU KNOW WITH CER- TAINTY THAT IT IS INCORRECT CHANCES ARE YOUR INI- TIAL RESPONSE IS THE MOST ACCURATE 6 WHEN COMPLETING QUESTIONS THAT ARE SENTENCES, ELIMINATE THE GRAMMATICALLY INCORRECT OPTIONS 7 DO NOT CHOOSE AN OPTION THAT IS PARTIALLY TRUE OR PARTIALLY FALSE 8 QUESTIONS REGARDING PATIENT CARE THAT IMPLY ALL IS WELL, A LACK OF PROFESSIONALISM, OR DENY PATIENT FEELINGS ARE USUALLY DISTRACTORS AND SHOULD BE AVOIDED 9 PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO WORDS THAT ARE CAPITALIZED, ITALICIZED, UNDERLINED, OR IN BOLD TYPE 10 NEVER LEAVE ANYTHING BLANK BLANKS ARE AUTOMATI- CALLY WRONG ANSWERS WHEN ALL ELSE FAILS, JUST GUESS THERE IS A ONE IN FOUR OR ?VE CHANCE THAT YOU WILL BE RIGHT IF YOU ARE TOTALLY PERPLEXED BY A QUESTION, MARK IT AND COME BACK TO IT CHANCES ARE YOU WILL READ OTHER QUESTIONS CONTAINING SIMILAR MATERIAL THAT COULD JOG YOUR MEMORY OTHER APPROACHES MAY INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: 1 CHOOSE ONE OF TWO OPTIONS THAT ARE SIMILAR EXCEPT FOR A WORD OR TWO 2 CHOOSE ONE OF TWO OPTIONS THAT SOUND OR LOOK FAMILIAR 3 CHOOSE THE ANSWER THAT IS MOST COMPLEX OR WORDY IF YOU ARE STILL BEWILDERED, GUESS! THERE IS NO PENALTY FOR GUESSING BUT IF YOU DO, BE SURE TO GUESS THE SAME LETTER EACH TIME BECAUSE THIS, TOO, WILL INCREASE THE PROBABILITY OF A RIGHT ANSWER WHEN IT COMES TO TAKING A TEST, WE ALL GET A LITTLE ANXIOUS WE WOULDN’T BE HUMAN IF WE DIDN’T THERE IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR KNOWLEDGE TO PASS A TEST SUCCESSFULLY, YOU MUST SIMPLY KNOW THE MATERIAL YOU ARE BEING TESTED ON HOWEVER, THERE ARE SOME STRATEGIES THAT YOU CAN FOLLOW TO HELP INCREASE THE PROBA- BILITY OF PASSING WITH A HIGHER SCORE K-TYPE QUESTIONS (COMPLEX MULTIPLE CHOICE) K-TYPE QUESTIONS ARE THE MOST COMPLEX OF THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS THESE QUESTIONS CON- TAIN MORE THAN ONE RIGHT ANSWER IN THE CHOICES AND ARE A FAVORITE ON THIS TYPE OF EXAM THEY CONTAIN A STEM AND FOUR NUMBERED WORDS OR PHRASES, AS SHOWN IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE: THE ORAL CAVITY CONTAINS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING? 1 TONGUE 2 HARD PALATE 3 DENTITION 4 SINUSES A IF ONLY 1, 2, AND 3 ARE CORRECT B IF ONLY 1 AND 3 ARE CORRECT C IF ONLY 1 AND 4 ARE CORRECT D IF ALL ARE CORRECT THE CORRECT ANSWER IS A THE BEST WAY TO TACKLE THIS TYPE OF QUESTION IS TO LOOK AT ALL OF THE ANSWERS MARK WITH YOUR PENCIL THE ANSWERS THAT YOU KNOW WITH CERTAINTY ARE NOT CORRECT THEN USING THESE NUMBERS, LOOK AT THE OPTIONS AND CIRCLE THE CORRESPONDING ANSWERS CONTAINING THOSE NUMBERS BY PROCESS OF ELIMINATION, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO GET THE CORRECT COMBINATION TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS SHOULD BE ANSWERED CAREFULLY REMEMBER, IF ANY PART OF THE QUESTION AS STATED IS FALSE, THE WHOLE QUESTION SHOULD BE REGARDED AS FALSE AND MARKED APPROPRIATELY ALSO, IF THE WORDS “ALWAYS,” “NEVER,” “ALL,” AND “NONE” ARE USED, THIS WILL GENERALLY MAKE THE STATEMENT FALSE FILL IN THE BLANK TO CORRECTLY COMPLETE A SENTENCE OR PHRASE, A QUES- TION IS ASKED AND IT IS UP TO YOU TO CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD OR PHRASE TO ?LL IN THE BLANK THESE ARE SOME- TIMES THE TOUGHEST QUESTIONS BECAUSE THEY REQUIRE COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT AS WITH ESSAY QUESTIONS, YOU MUST KNOW THE MATERIAL COMPLETELY TO SUCCESSFULLY ANSWER THE QUESTION CORRECTLY IDENTIFYING YOU MAY BE ASKED TO IDENTIFY CERTAIN ITEMS ON THE CDA SUCH AS RADIOGRAPHS, INSTRUMENTS, OR ORAL HYGIENE AIDS THESE QUESTIONS ARE STRICTLY CLINICAL IN NATURE AND SHOULD NOT BE A PROBLEM FOR THE EXPERIENCED DENTAL ASSISTANT HOWEVER, BEFORE THE EXAM, GO THROUGH YOUR TEXTBOOKS AND THE OF?CE IF POSSIBLE AND REFAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH YOUR CLINI- CAL SURROUNDINGS NEGATIVE FORMAT NEGATIVE FORMAT QUESTIONS ARE DESIGNED TO FORCE THE CANDIDATE TO CHOOSE THE ONE ANSWER THAT DOES NOT ?T THE CHOICES THAT ARE AVAILABLE ARE CORRECT EXCEPT FOR ONE IT’S JUST THE REVERSE OF CHOOSING ONE BEST ANSWER MATCHING YOU MAY BE ASKED TO MATCH CERTAIN TERMS OR CON- CEPTS WITH THEIR DE?NITIONS THESE QUESTIONS ARE ROUTINE AND USUALLY GROUPED BY SUBJECTS FOR EXAM- PLE, ALL QUESTIONS WILL BE ABOUT ONE SUBJECT SUCH AS RADIOGRAPHS OR INFECTION CONTROL PROTOCOLS ATTITUDE ATTITUDE IS PROBABLY THE NUMBER ONE AREA THAT GETS US IN TROUBLE IT DOESN’T MATTER WHETHER YOU PASS THIS EXAM ON THE ?RST TRY WHAT MATTERS IS THAT YOU HAVE STUDIED AND PUT FORTH THE EFFORT TO SIT FOR IT FAILING IS NOT A MEASURE OF SELF-WORTH—IT MEANS ONLY THAT RECEIVING YOUR CDA IS POSTPONED IF YOU DO NOT PASS, YOU KNOW WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE NEXT TIME IT WILL HELP YOU TO DE?NE WHAT AREAS YOU NEED TO STUDY MORE YOU WILL BE BETTER PREPARED THE SECOND TIME AROUND BECAUSE YOU KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT FROM THE EXAM KEEPING A POSITIVE ATTITUDE WILL MAKE THE DIF- FERENCE TALK TO YOURSELF TELL YOURSELF YOU ARE READY MENTALLY AND THAT YOU HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE TO SUC- CESSFULLY PASS THIS EXAM YOU KNOW THE MATERIAL YOU WORK AROUND IT EVERY DAY, AND TAKING THIS EXAM WILL ONLY VALIDATE THIS FACT IF, ON THE OTHER HAND, YOU HAVE NOT BEEN IN THE ?ELD ON A STEADY BASIS AND HAVE NOT REALLY STUDIED, GO AHEAD AND TAKE THE EXAM AND DO THE VERY BEST YOU CAN IF FOR SOME REASON YOU DON’T PASS THE EXAM, DON’T MAKE EXCUSES ABOUT WHY YOU DIDN’T STUDY OR THAT YOU WEREN’T GIVEN ENOUGH TIME TO TAKE THE TEST THIS WILL ONLY MAKE THE SITUA- TION WORSE AND COULD LEAD TO FEELINGS OF LOW SELF- ESTEEM INSTEAD, TAKE CONTROL OF THE SITUATION AND REMIND YOURSELF THAT YOU WILL BE BETTER PREPARED NEXT TIME KEEP TELLING YOURSELF THAT YOU ARE A COM- PETENT DENTAL ASSISTANT AND THAT THIS EXAM IS WORTH TAKING AND PASSING ? CHAPTER TIPS TO REMEMBER BEFORE TAKING THE EXAM 1 GET PLENTY OF REST THE NIGHT BEFORE 2 EAT BEFORE TAKING THE EXAM EVEN IF IT’S A LIGHT MEAL, YOU WILL NEED SOMETHING IN YOUR STOMACH TO GET YOU THROUGH THE FOUR HOURS IT WILL TAKE TO COMPLETE THE EXAM 3 RELAX TAKE A DEEP BREATH AND REMIND YOURSELF THAT YOU KNOW THE MATERIAL 4 BRING AT LEAST TWO SHARPENED PENCILS AND POSSIBLY A SMALL PENCIL SHARPENER 5 BRING A VALID FORM OF IDENTI?CATION AND ANY REG- ISTRATION MATERIAL THAT WAS SENT TO YOU YOU MUST PRESENT THIS BEFORE TAKING THE EXAM 6 WEAR SOMETHING COMFORTABLE 7 SET YOUR ALARM AT LEAST 30 MINUTES AHEAD OF TIME SO THAT YOU CAN GET TO THE TESTING FACILITY A FEW MINUTES EARLY 8 IF IT IS POSSIBLE, DRIVE BY THE TEST SITE THE DAY BEFORE THE TEST IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE LOCATION 9 DON’T PICK THE NIGHT BEFORE TO CRAM FOR THE TEST USING THIS REVIEW MANUAL THIS STUDY GUIDE PROVIDES YOU WITH A COMPREHEN- SIVE OUTLINE FORMAT AND QUESTIONS AT THE END OF EACH CHAPTER FOR YOUR REVIEW IT IS BEST TO REVIEW THE CHAP- TER, AND THEN USING A SEPARATE SHEET OF PAPER, ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AT THE END OF THE CHAPTER AFTER COR- RECTING THE REVIEW QUESTIONS, GO OVER THE QUESTIONS THAT WERE MISSED IN A COUPLE OF DAYS, GO BACK TO THE QUESTIONS AND TEST YOURSELF AGAIN IF YOU ?ND THAT YOU CONTINUE TO MISS THE SAME QUESTIONS, LOOK FOR AN APPROVED TEXTBOOK TO BRUSH UP ON THAT PARTICULAR AREA DO NOT RELY ON THE REVIEW MANUAL AS YOUR SOLE SOURCE OF REFERENCE WHEN TAKING THIS NATIONAL EXAM THE DENTAL ASSISTING NATIONAL BOARD USES MANY SOURCES WHEN COMPILING EXAMINATION QUESTIONS USE OTHER MATERIALS TO REFRESH YOUR MEMORY ON CERTAIN ASPECTS OF DENTAL ASSISTING REFER TO THE APPENDICES OF THIS BOOK FOR APPROVED SOURCES FOR STUDY STUDY TECHNIQUES ? TO 3 YEARS, ALL DECIDUOUS TEETH HAVE ERUPTED AND AT ABOUT 6 YEARS, THE PER- MANENT TEETH START TO ERUPT PRIMARY DENTITION HAS NO PREMOLARS OR THIRD MOLARS FOLLOWING IS A LISTING OF THE GROWTH DEVELOPMENT PATTERN FOR DECID- UOUS TEETH: A MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISORS: 6 MONTHS B MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISORS: 7 MONTHS C MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISORS: 71?2 MONTHS D MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISORS: 8 MONTHS E MANDIBULAR ?RST MOLARS: 12–16 MONTHS F MAXILLARY ?RST MOLARS: 14 MONTHS G MANDIBULAR CUSPIDS: 16 MONTHS H MAXILLARY CUSPIDS: 18 MONTHS I MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLARS: 20 MONTHS J MAXILLARY SECOND MOLARS: 24 MONTHS BASIC ORAL ANATOMY CHAPTER OVERVIEW THIS CHAPTER OUTLINES STRUCTURES OF THE ORAL CAVITY, CRANIAL AND FACIAL BONES, HEAD AND NECK MUSCULATURE, NERVE INNERVATION, AND TOOTH MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY KEY TERMS ALVEOLAR PROCESS ATTACHMENT APPARATUS CRANIAL BONES CRANIAL NERVES DECIDUOUS TEETH FACIAL BONES FRENUM FRONTAL SINUSES GAG RE?EX HARD PALATE LINING MUCOSA MASTICATORY MUCOSA MAXILLARY SINUSES SOFT PALATE 3 PERMANENT DENTITION TAKES THE PLACE OF LOST DECIDUOUS TEETH THERE ARE 32 TEETH IN THE PERMANENT HUMAN DENTITION FOL- LOWING IS A LISTING OF THE GROWTH DEVEL- OPMENT PATTERN FOR PERMANENT TEETH: A MANDIBULAR ?RST MOLARS: 6–7 YEARS B MAXILLARY ?RST MOLARS: 6–7 YEARS C MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISORS: 6–7 YEARS D MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISORS: 7–8 YEARS E MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISORS: 7–8 YEARS F MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISORS: 8–9 YEARS G MANDIBULAR CUSPIDS: 9–10 YEARS H MAXILLARY ?RST PREMOLARS: 10–11 YEARS I MANDIBULAR ?RST PREMOLARS: 10–12 YEARS J MAXILLARY SECOND PREMOLARS: 11–12 YEARS K MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLARS: 11–12 YEARS L MAXILLARY CUSPIDS: 11–12 YEARS M MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLARS: 11–13 YEARS N MAXILLARY SECOND MOLARS: 12–13 YEARS O THIRD MOLARS: 17–21 YEARS II STRUCTURES OF THE ORAL CAVITY A THE ORAL CAVITY IS THE INNER PORTION OF THE MOUTH THAT CONTAINS THE DENTITION AND THE HARD AND SOFT TISSUES THE ORAL CAVITY INCLUDES THE PALATE, OR ROOF OF THE MOUTH; THE ALVEOLAR RIDGES; THE TONGUE AND ITS MUS- CULATURE; AND THE OPENING OF THE LIPS AND THROAT, OR OROPHARYNX B ORAL MUCOSA AND GINGIVAL TISSUE 1 MASTICATORY MUCOSA COVERS THE AREAS SUBJECT TO STRESS SUCH AS GINGIVAL TISSUE AND THE HARD PALATE 2 SPECIALIZED MUCOSA COVERS THE AREA THAT HAS THE SPECI?C FUNCTION OF TASTE ON THE DORSUM OF THE TONGUE 3 LINING MUCOSA COVERS ALL OTHER AREAS OF THE ORAL CAVITY SUCH AS THE INNER SUR- FACES OF THE LIPS AND CHEEKS AND THE ?OOR AND ROOF OF THE MOUTH 4 ATTACHED GINGIVA EXTENDS FROM THE FREE GINGIVAL GROOVE, WHICH DEMARCATES IT FROM THE FREE OR MARGINAL GINGIVAE, TO THE MUCOGINGIVAL JUNCTION, WHICH SEPA- RATES IT FROM THE ALVEOLAR MUCOSA THIS TISSUE IS ?RM AND DENSE AND TIGHTLY BOUND DOWN TO THE UNDERLINING PERIOS- TEUM, TOOTH, AND BONE 5 FREE GINGIVA IS THE UNATTACHED CORONAL PORTION OF THE GINGIVA THAT ENCIRCLES THE TOOTH TO FORM THE GINGIVAL SULCUS C STRUCTURES INSIDE THE ORAL CAVITY 1 PALATE IS THE CONCAVE SURFACE THAT IS KNOWN AS THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH A HARD PALATE: THE BONY ANTERIOR TWO-THIRDS OF THE PALATE THAT IS COVERED WITH MUCOSA B SOFT PALATE: THE POSTERIOR THIRD OF THE PALATE, MADE UP OF MUSCULAR ?BERS COVERED WITH MUCOSA C RUGAE: THE IRREGULAR RIDGES THAT COVER THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE HARD PALATE D UVULA: THE PENDENT ?ESHY MASS THAT IS SUSPENDED IN THE BACK OF THE THROAT E FRENUM: A FOLD OF MUCOUS MEM- BRANE ATTACHING THE CHEEKS, LIPS, AND TONGUE TO THE ?OOR OF THE MOUTH (1) BUCCAL FRENUM: THE FOLD OF TIS- SUE ATTACHING THE CHEEK TO THE ALVEOLAR RIDGE NEAR THE SECOND PREMOLAR (2) LABIAL FRENUM: THE FOLD OF TIS- SUE ATTACHING THE LIP TO THE ALVE- OLAR RIDGE NEAR THE MIDLINE (3) LINGUAL FRENUM: THE FOLD OF TIS- SUE ATTACHING THE TONGUE TO THE ?OOR OF THE MOUTH F TONGUE: THE MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT IS THE MAIN ARTICULATORY ELEMENT IN THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH AND ACCOUNTS FOR THE CLARITY AND ?UIDITY OF SPEECH THE TONGUE ALSO CONTAINS TASTE BUDS AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PREPARING FOOD FOR DIGESTION G SALIVARY GLANDS: SETS OF GLANDS THAT SECRETE SALIVA, WHICH IS USED TO KEEP THE INSIDE OF THE ORAL CAVITY MOIST THIS AIDS IN SPEECH, CHEWING, AND THE DIGESTION PROCESS AND CONSTANTLY BATHES THE DENTITION TO WASH AWAY DEBRIS THESE GLANDS ARE CONNECTED BY DUCTS THAT LEAD INTO THE ORAL CAVITY BASIC ORAL ANATOMY ? (1) PAROTID: LOCATED NEAR THE EAR, THIS GLAND IS THE LARGEST OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS IT SECRETES A SEROUS (CLEAR LIQUID) SUBSTANCE (A) STENSEN’S DUCT IS THE DUCT THAT ATTACHES TO THE PAROTID GLAND (2) SUBMANDIBULAR: LOCATED ON EACH SIDE OF THE FACE AND IS IRREGULAR IN SHAPE THIS GLAND LIES BENEATH THE MANDIBLE AND SECRETES BOTH A SEROUS AND MUCOUS (SLIMY GLUELIKE) SECRETION (A) WHARTON’S DUCT IS THE DUCT THAT ATTACHES TO THE SUB- MANDIBULAR GLAND (3) SUBLINGUAL: LOCATED BENEATH THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE ?OOR OF THE MOUTH AND IS PRI- MARILY MUCUS-SECRETING IT IS SIT- UATED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE BASE OF THE TONGUE AND IS SHAPED LIKE AN ALMOND (A) DUCTS OF RIVINUS ARE THE SMALLER DUCTS THAT ATTACH TO THE SUBLINGUAL GLANDS (B) BARTHOLIN’S DUCTS ATTACH TO THE SUBLINGUAL GLANDS III CRANIAL BONES A THERE ARE EIGHT CRANIAL BONES THAT HOUSE THE BRAIN 1 FRONTAL: FORMS THE FOREHEAD, FRONTAL SINUSES, AND UPPER ORBITS OF THE EYE 2 PARIETAL: TWO BONES JOINING AT THE TOP TO FORM THE ROOF 3 TEMPORAL: TWO BONES FORMING THE LOWER SIDES AND ?OOR OF THE CRANIUM 4 OCCIPITAL: A SINGLE BONE FORMING THE INFERIOR POSTERIOR WALL OF THE CRANIUM 5 SPHENOID: A BAT-SHAPED BONE CONNECT- ING THE TEMPORAL BONES TO THE ?OOR OF THE CRANIUM 6 ETHMOID: A SINGLE BONE THAT FORMS THE SUPERIOR NASAL CAVITY AND POSTERIOR ORBITS OF THE EYE IV FACIAL BONES A THERE ARE 14 FACIAL BONES THAT MAKE UP THE MAXILLOFACIAL AREA 1 INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE: TWO BONES THAT LIE IN THE NASAL CAVITY AND ARE PROCESSES OF THE ETHMOID BONE 2 VOMER: A SINGLE BONE THAT FORMS THE INFERIOR PORTION OF THE NASAL SEPTUM 3 LACRIMAL: TWO BONES FORMING THE MEDIAL ORBITS 4 ZYGOMATIC: TWO BONES THAT FORM THE ARCH OF THE CHEEKBONE 5 PALATINE: TWO BONES THAT FORM THE HARD PALATE AND NASAL ?OOR 6 MANDIBLE: LOWER JAWBONE 7 MAXILLA: TWO FUSED BONES THAT FORM THE UPPER JAW 8 NASAL: TWO OBLONG BONES THAT FORM THE BRIDGE OF THE NOSE STENSON'S (PAROTID) DUCT WHARTON'S (SUBMANDIBULAR) DUCT SUBLINGUAL GLAND PAROTID GLAND SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND SALIVARY GLANDS AND DUCTS V MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK A HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE MOVEMENT OF THE HEAD, NECK, AND FACE THROUGH CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION THESE MUSCLES ARE INNERVATED BY CRANIAL NERVES AND ARE SUPPLIED WITH BLOOD FROM THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY THESE MUSCLES ARE GENERALLY SUSPENDED BETWEEN AN ORIGIN, A ?XED STRUCTURE OR END, AND AN INSERTION, THE MOVABLE END MUSCLES MAY GIVE INFORMATION REGARDING THEIR ORI- GIN AND INSERTION THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK ARE DIVIDED INTO EIGHT GROUPS 1 GROUP 1: MUSCLES OF MASTICATION 2 GROUP 2: SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES 3 GROUP 3: INFRAHYOID MUSCLES 4 GROUP 4: MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE 5 GROUP 5: MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION 6 GROUP 6: MUSCLES OF THE NECK 7 GROUP 7: MUSCLES OF THE SOFT PALATE 8 GROUP 8: MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX B MUSCLES OF MASTICATION 1 THEY ELEVATE, PROTRUDE, RETRUDE, OR CAUSE LATERAL MOVEMENT OF THE MANDIBLE 2 THEY FUNCTION DURING CHEWING OR MASTICATION 3 THEY ARE INNERVATED BY THE MANDIBULAR BRANCH OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V3) 4 BLOOD SUPPLY IS PROVIDED BY THE MAXIL- LARY ARTERY C TEMPORALIS MUSCLE 1 THIS POWERFUL MUSCLE RAISES AND CLOSES THE JAW A ORIGIN: TEMPORAL FOSSA OF THE TEM- PORAL BONE B INSERTION: CORONOID PROCESS AND THE ANTERIOR BORDER OF THE RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE C INNERVATION: MANDIBULAR DIVISION OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE D MASSETER MUSCLE 1 THIS POWERFUL MUSCLE RAISES AND LOWERS THE JAW DURING EATING IT CAN BE OBSERVED WHEN JAWS ARE CLENCHED AND HAS A SUPER?CIAL AND DEEP ORIGIN AND INSERTION A ORIGIN: THE SUPER?CIAL PART ORIGI- NATES FROM THE LOWER BORDER OF THE ZYGOMATIC ARCH THE DEEP PART ORIG- INATES FROM THE POSTERIOR AND MEDIAL SIDE OF THE ZYGOMATIC ARCH B INSERTION: THE SUPER?CIAL PART INSERTS ON THE ANGLE AND LOWER LAT- ERAL SIDE OF THE RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE THE DEEP PART INSERTS INTO THE UPPER LATERAL RAMUS AND CORO- NOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE C INNERVATION: MANDIBULAR DIVISION OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE E INTERNAL PTERYGOID 1 THIS MUSCLE CLOSES THE JAW, CREATES LAT- ERAL MOVEMENT (SIDE TO SIDE), AND PRO- TRUDES THE JAW (BRINGS FORWARD) A ORIGIN: THE MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE OF THE SPHE- NOID BONE, THE PALATINE BONE, AND THE TUBEROSITY OF THE MAXILLARY BONE B INSERTION: INTO THE INNER SURFACE OF THE RAMUS AND ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE C INNERVATION: MANDIBULAR DIVISION OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE F EXTERNAL PTERYGOID 1 THIS MUSCLE DEPRESSES THE MANDIBLE TO OPEN THE JAWS IT ALSO PROTRUDES AND MOVES THEM FROM SIDE TO SIDE A ORIGIN: ORIGINATES FROM TWO HEADS THE UPPER HEAD ORIGINATES FROM THE GREATER WING OF THE SPHENOID BONE THE LOWER HEAD ORIGINATES FROM THE LATERAL SURFACE OF THE PTERYGOID PLATE OF THE SPHENOID BONE B INSERTION: INTO THE NECK OF THE CONDYLE OF THE MANDIBLE AND INTO THE ARTICULAR DISC AND CAPSULAR LIGA- MENT OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT BASIC ORAL ANATOMY ? LATERAL ASPECT OF THE CRANIUM SPHENOID BONE ETHMOID BONE NASAL BONE MENTAL FORAMEN OCCIPITAL BONE GLENOID FOSSA TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT TEMPORAL BONE EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS MASTOID PROCESS OF TEMPORAL BONE STYLOID PROCESS MANDIBLE LACRIMAL BONE ZYGOMATIC BONE MAXILLA FRONTAL BONE PARIETAL BONE C INNERVATION: MANDIBULAR DIVISION OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE G SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES 1 THE DIGASTRIC MUSCLE IS A SLINGLIKE MUS- CLE THAT HAS ?BERS AT EITHER END AND IS CONNECTED IN THE CENTER BY AN INTERME- DIATE TENDON OR SLING A ORIGIN: ANTERIOR BELLY BEGINS ON THE DIGASTRIC FOSSA OF THE MANDIBLE B INSERTION: INTERMEDIATE TENDON C INNVERVATION: MANDIBULAR BRANCH OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE REVIEW QUESTIONS 1 THE FRENUM IS A A NARROW BAND OF TISSUE THAT CONNECTS TWO STRUCTURES B A MUCOUS MEMBRANE THAT LINES THE ENTIRE ORAL CAVITY C THE CORNER OF THE MOUTH WHERE THE LIPS JOIN 2 THE GAG RE?EX IS THE A ARCH AT THE BACK OF THE MOUTH B PROTECTIVE MECHANISM THAT PREVENTS FOREIGN OBJECTS FROM ENTERING THE THROAT C RECEPTOR SENSE FOR TASTE 3 THERE ARE _____ BONES IN THE CRANIUM A 4 THERE ARE _____ BONES IN THE FACE A 5 THE LARGEST OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS ARE A SUBMANDIBULAR B PAROTID C SUBLINGUAL 6 THE GLANDS THAT LIE ON THE ?OOR OF THE MOUTH ARE THE A SUBMANDIBULAR B PAROTID C SUBLINGUAL 7 THE GLANDS THAT LIE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE TONGUE ARE CALLED A SUBMANDIBULAR B PAROTID C SUBLINGUAL 8 THE DUCT THAT COMES OFF THE PAROTID GLAND IS CALLED A WHARTON’S DUCT B STENSEN’S DUCT C DUCTS OF RIVINUS 9 THE DUCT THAT COMES OFF OF THE SUBLINGUAL GLAND IS CALLED A WHARTON’S DUCT B STENSEN’S DUCT C DUCTS OF RIVINUS 10 SPONGY BONE IS ALSO KNOWN AS A CORTICAL BONE B CANCELLOUS BONE C CRUSTIFORM BONE 11 MUSCLE ORIGIN IS THE PLACE WHERE THE A MUSCLE ENDS B MUSCLE BEGINS C MUSCLE INSERTS 12 MUSCLE INSERTION IS THE PLACE WHERE THE A MUSCLE ENDS B MUSCLE BEGINS C MUSCLE ORIGINATES MATCH THE TERM WITH THE CORRECT DE?NITION _____ 13 CLOSES AND PUCKERS THE LIPS AND IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE KISSING MUSCLE _____ 14 COMPRESSES THE CHEEKS AGAINST THE TEETH AND RETRACTS THE ANGLE OF THE MOUTH _____ 15 RAISES AND WRINKLES THE SKIN OF THE CHIN AND PUSHES UP THE LOWER LIP _____ 16 DRAWS THE ANGLES OF THE MOUTH UPWARD AND BACKWARD DURING LAUGHING A BUCCINATOR B ORBICULARIS ORIS C ZYGOMATIC MAJOR D MENTALIS 17 THE PORTION OF THE TOOTH COVERED WITH ENAMEL IS KNOWN AS THE A ANATOMIC CROWN B CLINICAL CROWN C CORONAL CROWN 18 THE SUBSTANCE THAT COVERS THE ROOT OF THE TOOTH IS CALLED A PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT B CEMENTUM C DENTIN 19 THE CERVIX OR NECK OF THE TOOTH A IS WHERE THE ENAMEL AND CEMENTUM JOIN B IS THE NARROW AREA OF THE TOOTH WHERE THE CROWN AND THE ROOT JOIN C MAKES UP THE ANATOMICAL CROWN 20 THE ROOT OF THE TOOTH IS NOT A EMBEDDED INTO THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS B COVERED WITH DENTIN C BIFURCATED OR TRIFURCATED 21 THE ENAMEL 1 MAKES UP THE ANATOMICAL CROWN 2 IS THE HARDEST SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY 3 IS ABLE TO TOLERATE CRUSHING STRESSES OF UP TO 100,000 POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH 4 IS THE BULK OF THE TOOTH A 1, 2, B 1, 2, C 1, D ALL OF THE ABOVE 22 THE DENTIN 1 IS THE BULK OF THE TOOTH 2 EXTENDS THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE TOOTH 3 IS COVERED BY ENAMEL ON THE CROWN 4 COVERS THE ROOT OF THE TOOTH A 1, 2, B 1, C 1, 2, D NONE OF THE ABOVE 23 THE PULP IS COMPOSED OF THE 1 PULP CHAMBER 2 CORONAL PULP 3 TERTIARY DENTIN 4 RADICULAR PULP A 1, 2, B 2 ONLY C 1, 2, D 2, 24 CEMENTUM A COVERS THE ROOT OF THE TOOTH B CONSISTS OF TISSUE THAT SURROUNDS AND SUPPORTS THE TEETH C NOURISHES AND PROTECTS THE TOOTH 25 CUSPIDS 1 ARE DESIGNED TO TEAR AND CUT FOOD 2 HAVE SHARP EDGES 3 ARE ALSO CALLED CANINES 4 ARE REFERRED TO AS THE CORNERSTONE OF THE DEN- TAL ARCH A 1, 2, D ALL OF THE ABOVE 26 INCISORS 1 ARE SINGLE ROOTED 2 ARE LOCATED IN THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE MOUTH 3 HAVE THIN SHARP EDGES FOR TEARING 4 ARE LOCATED ON BOTH MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR ARCHES A 1, 2, C 1 ONLY D ALL OF THE ABOVE 27 THE OCCLUSAL SURFACE IS A THE ANTERIOR CHEWING SURFACE OF THE DENTITION B LOCATED ON THE MOLARS ONLY C THE BROAD CHEWING SURFACE OF THE POSTERIOR TEETH D THE AXIAL SURFACE OF THE POSTERIOR TEETH 28 THERE ARE _____ TEETH IN THE PRIMARY DENTITION A 29 THERE ARE NO _____ IN THE PRIMARY DENTITION A ?RST MOLARS B CUSPIDS C PREMOLARS D SECOND MOLARS 30 THE PERMANENT DENTITION CONSISTS OF _____ TEETH A BASIC ORAL ANATOMY ? ANSWERS AND RATIONALES 1 A THE FRENUM IS A THIN FOLD OF TISSUE THAT CON- NECTS TWO STRUCTURES TOGETHER EXAMPLES INCLUDE THE BUCCAL FRENUM, WHICH ATTACHES THE CHEEK TO THE ALVEOLAR RIDGE; THE MAXILLARY MIDLINE FRENUM, WHICH ATTACHES THE TOP LIP TO THE MAXILLARY RIDGE LOCATED BETWEEN THE CEN- TRAL INCISORS; THE MANDIBULAR FRENUM, WHICH ATTACHES THE BOTTOM LIP TO THE MANDIBULAR RIDGE AT THE CENTRAL INCISORS; AND THE LINGUAL FRENUM, WHICH IS LOCATED UNDER THE TONGUE 2 B THE GAG RE?EX IS A PROTECTIVE MECHANISM THAT PREVENTS FOREIGN OBJECTS FROM BEING ASPIRATED OR SWALLOWED 3 C THERE ARE EIGHT CRANIAL BONES THE EIGHT CRANIAL BONES INCLUDE THE OCCIPITAL, SPHENOID, ETHMOID, FRONTAL, AND TWO PARIETAL AND TEM- PORAL BONES 4 C THERE ARE 14 FACIAL BONES THE FACIAL BONES INCLUDE THE MANDIBLE; THE VOMER; AND PAIRED BONES CONSISTING OF THE ZYGOMATIC, MAXILLA, NASAL, LACRIMAL, PALATINE, AND INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE 5 B PAROTID GLANDS ARE THE LARGEST OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS, AND THEY ARE LOCATED INFERIOR AND ANTERIOR TO THE EAR 6 A SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS ARE LOCATED INFERIOR TO THE BASE OF THE TONGUE UNDER THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE IN THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE ?OOR OF THE MOUTH 7 C SUBLINGUAL GLANDS ARE LOCATED BENEATH THE SUBLINGUAL MUCOSA OF THE MOUTH 8 B STENSEN’S DUCT IS THE DUCT THAT COMES OFF OF THE PAROTID GLAND AND SUPPLIES SALIVA TO THE ORAL CAVITY 9 C THERE IS A GROUP OF DUCTS KNOWN AS THE DUCTS OF RIVINUS, WHICH SUPPLIES SALIVA TO THE ORAL CAVITY THIS GROUP OF DUCTS OPENS UNDER THE TONGUE 10 B CANCELLOUS BONE IS ALSO KNOWN AS SPONGY BONE IT HAS A LATTICEWORK STRUCTURE THAT HAS AN IRREGULAR, SPONGY APPEARANCE 11 B THE ORIGIN OR BEGINNING OF A MUSCLE IS WHERE THE MUSCLE ATTACHES OR ORIGINATES 12 A THE INSERTION POINT OF A MUSCLE IS WHERE THE MUSCLE ENDS OR INSERTS 13 B 14 A 15 D 16 C THE ZYGOMATIC MAJOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DRAWING THE CHEEKS UP DURING LAUGHING OR SMILING 17 A THE ANATOMIC CROWN IS THAT PORTION OF THE TOOTH THAT IS COMPLETELY COVERED WITH ENAMEL 18 B CEMENTUM COVERS THE OUTSIDE OF THE ROOT OF THE TOOTH CEMENTUM IS CALCI?ED AND BONE- LIKE IN MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 19 C THE CERVIX OR NECK OF THE TOOTH IS WHERE THE ANATOMICAL CROWN AND ANATOMICAL ROOT JOIN IT IS NOT THE ANATOMICAL CROWN ONLY BUT INVOLVES THE JUNCTION OF THOSE TWO STRUCTURES 20 B THE ROOT OF THE TOOTH IS COVERED WITH CEMENTUM NOT DENTIN 21 B THE ANATOMICAL CROWN IS COVERED WITH ENAMEL, WHICH IS THE HARDEST SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY—IT CAN TOLERATE CRUSHING STRENGTH OF 100,000 POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH DENTIN IS THE BULK OF THE TOOTH, NOT ENAMEL 22 B DENTIN MAKES UP THE BULK OF THE TOOTH AND IS COVERED BY ENAMEL 23 C THE ANATOMY OF THE PULP INCLUDES THE PULP CHAMBER, WHICH INCLUDES THE ENTIRE PORTION OF THE PULP AND IS LOCATED ONLY IN THE CROWN AND DOES NOT INCLUDE THE ROOTS THE PULP CANAL CONFORMS TO THE ROOT STRUCTURES TER- TIARY DENTIN, WHICH IS REPARATIVE DENTIN, IS FORMED IN RESPONSE TO DISEASE OR TRAUMA AND IS NOT PART OF THE PULPAL TISSUES 24 A PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS ARE PART OF THE ATTACH- MENT APPARATUS THEY SUPPORT AND SUSPEND THE TOOTH IN ITS SOCKET 25 D CUSPIDS, WHICH ARE ALSO CALLED CANINES, ARE LOCATED IN EACH QUADRANT THERE IS ONE PER QUADRANT THEY HAVE THE LONGEST ROOTS AND ARE KNOWN AS THE CORNERSTONES OF THE MOUTH 26 D CENTRAL AND LATERAL INCISORS HAVE THIN, SHARP, BITING EDGES THEY ARE SINGLE ROOTED AND ARE LOCATED IN THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE ORAL CAVITY 27 C THE POSTERIOR TEETH ARE THE ONLY TEETH IN THE HUMAN DENTITION THAT HAVE A BROAD CHEWING SURFACE USED TO GRIND AND MACERATE FOOD PRIOR TO SWALLOWING 28 B PRIMARY TEETH ARE ALSO REFERRED TO AS DECIDU- OUS THERE ARE 20 TOTAL 29 C THE PRIMARY DENTITION DOES NOT CONTAIN BICUSPIDS OR PREMOLARS DUE TO THE SMALLER SIZE OF A CHILD’S DENTAL ARCH 30 A THERE ARE 32 TEETH IN THE HUMAN PERMANENT DENTITION DENTAL CHARTING I TOOTH DIAGRAMS A GEOMETRIC CHART 1 TEETH ARE ARRANGED IN THEIR NORMAL POSITION OF 1–32 2 PRIMARY TEETH ARE ARRANGED NEXT TO THE PERMANENT TEETH AND LETTERED A–T 3 TEETH ARE REPRESENTED BY A CIRCLE WITH SURFACES OUTLINED FOR MESIAL, DISTAL, OCCLUSAL, LINGUAL, AND FACIAL SURFACES B ANATOMIC CHART 1 PERMANENT TEETH ARE ARRANGED IN THEIR NORMAL POSITION OF 1–32 2 DIAGRAMS OF TEETH RESEMBLE THE ACTUAL TOOTH, INCLUDING THE ROOT 3 ALL SURFACES OF TEETH ARE SHOWN FOR CHARTING PURPOSES 4 TEETH ARE ARRANGED AS IF YOU ARE LOOK- ING INTO THE PATIENT’S MOUTH THE RIGHT QUADRANT IS ON THE LEFT SIDE AND VICE VERSA II COLOR C