NEUROLOGY
CONTENTS SECTION BASIC NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND AN INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS OF ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC WAVEFORMS 1 ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS FOR CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY BASIC PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS IN ELECTRICITY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS RESISTIVE–CAPACITIVE AND RESISTIVE–INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS CIRCUITS CONTAINING INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS FILTER CIRCUITS TRANSISTORS AND AMPLIFIERS 2 ELECTRIC SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY AND HOSPITAL INTRODUCTION ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ELECTRIC SHOCK LEAKAGE CURRENT ELECTRIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES AND IMPLEMENTATION ELECTRIC STIMULATION SAFETY 3 VOLUME CONDUCTION PRINCIPLES SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS CONTENTS CURRENT SOURCES: MONOPOLES, DIPOLES, AND QUADRUPOLES VOLUME CONDUCTION THEORY: ELECTRIC PROPERTIES IN VOLUME CONDUCTORS APPLICATIONS OF VOLUME CONDUCTION PRINCIPLES 4 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING DIGITAL COMPUTERS IN CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY DIGITIZATION COMMON USES OF DIGITAL PROCESSING AVERAGING DIGITAL FILTERING TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS 5 BASICS OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY CELL MEMBRANE RESTING POTENTIAL LOCAL POTENTIALS ACTION POTENTIALS SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION CLINICAL CORRELATIONS 6 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC GENERATORS IN CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY STRUCTURAL GENERATORS 7 WAVEFORMS AND ARTIFACTS CONTINUOUS WAVEFORMS EVENT RECORDING COMBINATIONS OF CONTINUOUS WAVEFORMS AND EVENTS WAVEFORM ALTERATIONS CONTENTS PHYSIOLOGIC ALTERATION OF WAVEFORMS ARTIFACTUAL WAVEFORMS SECTION ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF NEURAL FUNCTION PART A ASSESSMENT OF CORTICAL FUNCTION 8 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY: ADULT, NORMAL, AND BENIGN VARIANTS RECORDING THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM DISPLAY OF EEG ACTIVITY ACTIVATION PROCEDURES ARTIFACTS NORMAL EEG ACTIVITY OF ADULTS BENIGN VARIANTS 9 EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY SPECIFIC FOCAL INTERICTAL DISCHARGES GENERALIZED EPILEPTIFORM PATTERNS ICTAL DISCHARGES EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY WITH A POTENTIAL SEIZURE ASSOCIATION 10 ADULT EEG: ABNORMAL NONEPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY TYPES OF EEG ABNORMALITIES FOCAL INTRACRANIAL PROCESSES CAUSING EEG ABNORMALITIES ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS OF DIFFUSE DISORDERS EVALUATION FOR SUSPECTED BRAIN DEATH XIV CONTENTS 11 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY: ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN NEONATAL EEG PATTERNS DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES DURING INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND ADOLESCENCE BENIGN VARIANTS IN CHILDREN ABNORMALITIES 12 AMBULATORY ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY INDICATIONS TECHNOLOGY CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 13 PROLONGED VIDEO ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY EQUIPMENT CLINICAL APPLICATION 14 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC SPECIAL STUDIES QUANTITATIVE METHODS OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY 15 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY IN THE SURGICAL EVALUATION OF EPILEPSY BACKGROUND PRESURGICAL SELECTION AND EVALUATION ROUTINE EEG IN THE SURGICAL EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH SEIZURES PREOPERATIVE VIDEO-EEG MONITORING CONTENTS PRESURGICAL EVALUATION WITH CONTINUOUS OR CHRONIC INTRACRANIAL MONITORING INTRAOPERATIVE ELECTROCORTICOGRAPHY 16 MOVEMENT-RELATED CORTICAL POTENTIALS AND EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS MOVEMENT-RELATED CORTICAL POTENTIALS EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS PART B SENSORY PATHWAYS 17 SENSORY NERVE ACTION POTENTIALS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SNAPS METHODS OF STUDY OF SNAPS MEASUREMENTS TECHNICAL FACTORS PLANNING THE STUDY AND FINDINGS IN DISEASES 18 SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS GENERATORS AND ORIGIN OF SEPS METHODS RECORDING LOCALIZATION 19 BRAIN STEM AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS IN CENTRAL DISORDERS AUDITORY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY GENERATORS OF THE BRAIN STEM AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS BRAIN STEM AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS: METHODS FACTORS AFFECTING THE BAEP RESPONSE CONTENTS INTERPRETATION OF BAEPS 20 AUDIOGRAM, ACOUSTIC REFLEXES, AND EVOKED OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS AUDIOGRAM ACOUSTIC REFLEX EVOKED OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS APPLICATIONS 21 BRAIN STEM AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS IN PERIPHERAL ACOUSTIC DISORDERS STIMULI ELECTRODES INTERPRETATION 22 VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS VISUAL SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS: METHODS FACTORS AFFECTING THE VEP RESPONSE INTERPRETATION OF VEPS LOCALIZATION OF VISUAL SYSTEM LESIONS PART C MOTOR PATHWAYS 23 COMPOUND MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS GENERAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS RECORDING CMAPS STIMULATION CONTENTS CMAP MEASUREMENTS F WAVES AXON REFLEXES (A WAVES) PHYSIOLOGIC VARIABLES AFFECTING THE CMAP CMAP CHANGES IN DISEASE FINDINGS IN PERIPHERAL NERVE DISORDERS 24 ASSESSING THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION WITH REPETITIVE STIMULATION STUDIES ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION TECHNIQUE CRITERIA OF ABNORMALITY RAPID RATES OF STIMULATION SELECTION OF NERVE–MUSCLE COMBINATIONS 25 MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS MEP PHARMACOLOGY CONTRAINDICATIONS AND RISKS PART D ASSESSING THE MOTOR UNIT 26 ASSESSING THE MOTOR UNIT WITH NEEDLE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY KNOWLEDGE BASE OF NEEDLE EMG TECHNIQUE OF NEEDLE EXAMINATION CONDUCTING THE NEEDLE EXAMINATION CONTENTS POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS DURING NEEDLE EXAMINATION EMG SIGNAL ANALYSIS NEEDLE ELECTRODE CHARACTERISTICS SKILLS OF EMG WAVEFORM RECOGNITION ORIGIN OF EMG POTENTIALS NORMAL EMG ACTIVITY ABNORMAL SPONTANEOUS ELECTRIC ACTIVITY ABNORMAL ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY—VOLUNTARY MUPS ABNORMAL ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY—DISORDERS OF CENTRAL CONTROL PATTERNS OF ABNORMALITIES 27 QUANTITATIVE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOTOR UNIT POTENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RECORDING EQUIPMENT PROPERTIES OF MUPS EVALUATED USING STANDARD ELECTRODES PROPERTIES OF MUPS MEASURABLE ONLY WITH SPECIAL ELECTRODES QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE MUPS PROPERTIES OF INTERFERENCE PATTERN AND METHODS OF INTERFERENCE PATTERN ANALYSIS TURNS AND AMPLITUDE ANALYSIS OF THE INTERFERENCE PATTERN POWER-SPECTRUM ANALYSIS AUTOMATED METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY 28 SINGLE FIBER ELECTROMYOGRAPHY PITFALLS OF SFEMG CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF SFEMG CONTENTS 29 QUANTITATIVE MOTOR UNIT NUMBER ESTIMATES MUNE BY STANDARD EMG MUNE BY STANDARD MOTOR NCS QUANTITATIVE MUNE PART E RE?EXES AND CENTRAL MOTOR CONTROL 30 H REFLEXES PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS PEDIATRIC H REFLEXES 31 CRANIAL REFLEXES AND RELATED TECHNIQUES BLINK REFLEX LATERAL SPREAD OF THE FACIAL NERVE RESPONSE: ASSESSMENT OF FACIAL SYNKINESIS AND HEMIFACIAL SPASM JAW JERK (MASSETER REFLEX) MASSETER INHIBITORY REFLEX GREAT AURICULAR SENSORY NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES TRIGEMINAL CONTACT HEAT EVOKED POTENTIAL STIMULATOR STUDIES 32 LONG LATENCY REFLEXES AND THE SILENT PERIOD LONG LATENCY REFLEXES THE SILENT PERIOD CONTENTS 33 MOVEMENT DISORDERS TECHNIQUES EEG SURFACE EMG: NORMAL PATTERNS TREMOR MYOCLONUS PSYCHOGENIC JERKS STARTLE DISORDERS PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENTS OF SLEEP DYSTONIA TICS, CHOREA, AND ATHETOSIS VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT ABNORMALITIES 34 VERTIGO AND BALANCE LABORATORY EXAMINATION: VOR-BASED MEASURES LABORATORY EXAMINATION: VSR-BASED MEASURES CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF VESTIBULAR TESTING: ASSESSING SENSORINEURAL SYNDROMES OF THE LABYRINTH VESTIBULAR REHABILITATION PART F AUTONOMIC FUNCTION 35 AUTONOMIC PHYSIOLOGY SYMPTOMS AND DISEASES GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC FUNCTION SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF THE SKIN MUSCLE SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY CONTENTS AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF HEART RATE CARDIOVASCULAR REFLEXES MAINTENANCE OF POSTURAL NORMOTENSION 36 QUANTITATIVE SUDOMOTOR AXON REFLEX AND RELATED TESTS LABORATORY EVALUATION OF AUTONOMIC FUNCTION QUANTITATIVE SUDOMOTOR AXON REFLEX TEST IMPRINT METHODS OF SWEAT MEASUREMENT 37 EVALUATION OF ADRENERGIC FUNCTION SKIN VASOMOTOR REFLEXES 38 THERMOREGULATORY SWEAT TEST ROLE OF THERMOREGULATORY SWEAT TESTING: CLINICAL SYNDROMES AND PROBLEMS EVALUATED METHOD THERMOREGULATORY SWEAT DISTRIBUTION REPORTING RESULTS DIFFICULTIES AND PITFALLS IN INTERPRETATION 39 CARDIOVAGAL REFLEXES HEART RATE RESPONSE TO DEEP BREATHING THE VALSALVA MANEUVER CARDIOVAGAL SCORING POWER SPECTRUM ANALYSIS HEART RATE RESPONSE TO STANDING OTHER TESTS OF CARDIOVAGAL FUNCTION CONTENTS 40 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN QUANTITATIVE SENSORY TEST AUTONOMIC TESTS MICRONEUROGRAPHY LASER EVOKED POTENTIALS CONTACT HEAT EVOKED POTENTIALS PART G SLEEP AND CONSCIOUSNESS 41 ASSESSMENT OF SLEEP AND SLEEP DISORDERS TECHNIQUES USED IN STUDYING SLEEP STAGING OF SLEEP ASSESSING RESPIRATION DURING SLEEP ASSESSING MOVEMENTS IN SLEEP ASSESSING OTHER PHYSIOLOGIC VARIABLES PERFORMANCE OF A SLEEP STUDY ASSESSING SLEEP DISORDERS PART H INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING 42 CEREBRAL FUNCTION MONITORING TECHNICAL FACTORS IN INTRAOPERATIVE EEG MONITORING EFFECTS OF ANESTHESIA ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY SYMMETRICAL EEG PATTERNS DURING ANESTHESIA PREOPERATIVE FOCAL ABNORMALITIES SEEN WITH ANESTHESIA EEG CHANGES DURING CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY SEP RECORDING DURING CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY OTHER MONITORING TECHNIQUES DURING CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY CONTENTS EEG MONITORING DURING CARDIAC SURGERY BISPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF EEG FOR MONITORING DEPTH OF ANESTHESIA EEG MONITORING FOR EPILEPSY SURGERY 43 BRAIN STEM AND CRANIAL NERVE MONITORING 44 SPINAL CORD MONITORING GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY MONITORING METHODS—SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES TYPES OF SPINAL SURGERIES 45 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MONITORING APPLICATIONS OF CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: ASSESSING SYMPTOM COMPLEXES AND DISEASE ENTITIES 46 ASSESSING CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPTOMS ASSESSMENT OF MOTOR SYMPTOMS OF CENTRAL ORIGIN ASSESSMENT OF SENSORY SYMPTOMS OF CENTRAL ORIGIN CONTENTS ASSESSING IMPAIRMENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION ASSESSING IMPAIRMENT OF VISCERAL FUNCTION AND SLEEP IDENTIFYING DISEASE TYPES PROGNOSIS ASSESSING CLINICAL DISORDERS WITH EEG 47 APPLICATION OF CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: ASSESSING PERIPHERAL NEUROMUSCULAR SYMPTOM COMPLEXES CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY IN THE ASSESSMENT OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS ASSESSING CLINICAL DISORDERS: ASSESSMENT WITH EMG AND NCS RADICULOPATHIES COMMON FOCAL MONONEUROPATHIES PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY BRACHIAL PLEXOPATHY GENERALIZED WEAKNESS MYOPATHY MYALGIAS, MUSCLE STIFFNESS, AND EPISODIC MUSCLE WEAKNESS NMJ DISORDERS POLYRADICULOPATHY MOTOR NEURON DISEASE FACIAL WEAKNESS ANOMALOUS INNERVATION UNEXPECTED FINDINGS ON NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES: CAUSE AND ACTION CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY THIRD EDITION THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK