NURSING IN DISEASES OF CHILDREN
CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA EPIDEMIOLOGY ETIOLOGY MOLECULAR GENETICS SYMPTOMS AND CLINICAL SIGNS DIAGNOSTICS STAGING AND CLASSI? CATION TREATMENT PROGNOSIS FOLLOW-UP 1 2 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 1 2 11 RELAPSED ALL ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA 1 3 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY FUTURE PERSPECTIVES JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS REFERENCES LYMPHOMA HODGKIN LYMPHOMA 2 2 10 RELAPSED/REFRACTORY HL 2 2 11 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMAS 2 3 10 TREATMENT OF RELAPSED/REFRACTORY NHL 2 3 11 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES EWING’S SARCOMA FAMILY OF TUMORS DIAGNOSIS 3 1 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OSTEOSARCOMA SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 3 2 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES LIVER TUMORS 3 3 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES NEUROBLASTOMA 3 4 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES RENAL TUMORS 3 5 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES RETINOBLASTOMA 3 6 10 FUTURE DIRECTIONS RHABDOMYOSARCOMA 3 7 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES NON-RHABDOMYOSARCOMATOUS SOFT-TISSUE SARCOMAS ALVEOLAR SOFT-PART SARCOMA DESMOID TUMOR (AGGRESSIVE FIBROMATOSIS) DESMOPLASTIC SMALL ROUND CELL TUMOR INFANTILE FIBROSARCOMA INFANTILE HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA INFANTILE MYO? BROMATOSIS LEIOMYOSARCOMA LIPOSARCOMA MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOR 3 8 10 SYNOVIAL SARCOMA GERM CELL TUMORS 3 9 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES RARE TUMORS 3 10 1 ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA 3 10 2 MELANOMA 3 10 3 NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA 3 10 4 PLEUROPULMONARY BLASTOMA 3 10 5 THYROID CARCINOMA CAUSES/EPIDEMIOLOGY DISTRIBUTION/CLASSI? CATION STAGING MOLECULAR GENETICS OF BRAIN TUMORS SPECIALIST REFERRAL HYDROCEPHALUS SURGERY RADIOTHERAPY CHEMOTHERAPY SPECI? C TUMORS 4 10 1 PNETS/MEDULLOBLASTOMAS 4 10 2 ASTROCYTOMAS/GLIAL TUMORS 4 10 3 MALIGNANT GLIOMAS 4 10 4 OTHER HIGH-GRADE GLIOMAS 4 11 1 THE LATE EFFECTS AND REHABILITATION OF SURVIVORS 4 11 2 PALLIATIVE CARE 4 11 3 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES/NEW INNOVATIONS PART II ANEMIA IRON-DE? CIENCY ANEMIA SYMPTOMS/CLINICAL SIGNS DIAGNOSTIC TESTING TRANSFUSION ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPOGEN) SICKLE CELL DISEASE COMPLICATIONS OF SCD THALASSEMIA ALPHA (A)-THALASSEMIA BETA THALASSEMIA (COOLEY ANEMIA) TREATMENT OF HEMOSIDEROSIS (IRON OVERLOAD) CHELATION THERAPY CLINICAL ADVANCES (HEMOSIDEROSIS) 5 4 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 5 5 HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DE? CIENCY BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROMES APLASTIC ANEMIA HEMOPHILIA GENETICS VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE PART III CANCER CELL CHARACTERISTICS THE CELL CYCLE CELL CYCLE CONTROL PRINCIPLES RESISTANCE THE PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOKINETICS, PHARMACODYNAMICS, AND PHARMACOGENOMICS CHEMOTHERAPY TECHNIQUES CLINICAL TRIALS PHASE I CLINICAL TRIALS PHASE II CLINICAL TRIALS PHASE III CLINICAL TRIALS PHASE IV CLINICAL TRIALS CHEMOTHERAPY AGENTS ANTIMETABOLITES ALKYLATING AGENTS ANTITUMOR ANTIBIOTICS ANTHRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS PLANT DERIVATIVES ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS CHEMOTHERAPY PROTECTANTS ALLOPURINOL (ZYLOPRIM) AMIFOSTINE (ETHYOL) DEXRAZOXANE (ZINECARD) LEUCOVORIN CALCIUM (LCV, WELLCOVORIN, CITOVORUM FACTOR, FOLIC ACID) MESNA (MESNEX) PALIFERMIN ADMINISTRATION OF CHEMOTHERAPY AGENTS PREPARATION ADMINISTRATION AND PRACTICE CONSIDERATIONS PROFESSIONAL GUIDELINES TO MINIMIZE THE RISK OF MEDICATION ERRORS PRESCRIBING ERRORS SAFE PRACTICE CONSIDERATIONS MIXING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS TRANSPORTING CYTOTOXIC AGENTS SAFE HANDLING AFTER CHEMOTHERAPY DISPOSAL OF CYTOTOXIC MATERIALS SPILL MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOLLOWING ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE STORAGE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT ADMINISTRATION OF CHEMOTHERAPY IN THE HOME IMMEDIATE COMPLICATIONS OF CHEMOTHERAPY ADMINISTRATION 9 11 1 EXTRAVASATION 9 11 2 ACUTE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS (HSRS) TO CHEMOTHERAPY 9 11 3 RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERSENSITIVITY, FLARE REACTIONS, OR ANAPHYLAXIS 9 11 4 RECOMMENDED STEPS TO PREVENT HSRS 9 11 5 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF HSR/ANAPHYLAXIS SUMMARY RADIATION PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT TREATMENT PLANNING 10 4 1 CT SIMULATION 10 4 2 SIMULATION TREATMENT METHODS 10 5 1 EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY (TELETHERAPY) 10 5 2 FRACTIONATION 10 5 3 TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION (TBI) 10 5 4 BRACHYTHERAPY 10 5 5 SEALED SOURCES 10 5 6 UNSEALED SOURCES SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIOTHERAPY 10 6 1 ACUTE EFFECTS SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 10 7 1 PREPARATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE 10 8 1 IMAGE-GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY 10 8 2 INTRA-OPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY 10 8 3 PROTON RADIOTHERAPY (PRT) STEM CELL COLLECTION (HARVEST) 11 2 1 BONE MARROW STEM CELLS 11 2 2 PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELLS 11 2 3 UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD STEM CELLS DONOR STEM CELL TYPING/ TISSUE TYPING DONOR STEM CELL SOURCES STEM CELL PROCESSING AND INFUSION 11 5 1 ABO MISMATCH 11 5 2 GRAFT VS LEUKEMIA DESCRIPTION OF TREATMENT POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS 11 7 1 EARLY SIDE EFFECTS 11 7 2 INTERMEDIATE SIDE EFFECTS 11 7 3 LATE SIDE EFFECTS METHOD OF DELIVERY 12 2 1 PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION 12 2 2 POSTOPERATIVE NURSING CARE 12 3 1 COMPLICATIONS OF MEDICAL THERAPY REQUIRING SURGICAL EVALUATION 12 3 2 COMPLICATIONS ARISING FROM SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SOLID TUMORS 12 4 1 VASCULAR ACCESS DEVICES 12 5 1 NEW SURGICAL TECHNIQUES AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 13 2 1 GENETIC DE? CIT REPAIR 13 2 2 VIRAL-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER 13 2 3 DRUG-RESISTANT GENES 13 2 4 ANGIOGENETICS INHIBITORS 13 2 5 GENE MARKING 13 2 6 CELL THERAPY 13 3 1 VIRAL VECTORS 13 3 2 PLASMID VECTORS 14 3 1 CYTOKINES 14 3 2 INTERFERONS 14 3 3 INTERLEUKINS 14 3 4 COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS 14 3 5 FUSION PROTEINS 14 3 6 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES CANCER VACCINES OTHER IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS 14 5 1 NONSPECI? C IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS 14 5 2 RETINOIDS 14 5 3 THALIDOMIDE ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY 14 10 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CAM MODALITIES 15 2 1 ACUPUNCTURE 15 2 2 BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES 15 2 3 MIND–BODY THERAPIES 15 2 4 MOVEMENT THERAPIES 15 2 5 AROMATHERAPY 15 2 6 MASSAGE 15 2 7 ENERGY THERAPIES THE ROLE OF CLINICAL TRIALS 16 1 1 THE NEED FOR RESEARCH 16 1 2 PHASES OF CLINICAL TRIALS 16 1 3 STUDY TYPES 16 1 4 RESEARCH ETHICS: PRINCIPLES, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES 16 1 5 LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES REGARDING PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN IN RESEARCH 16 1 6 RESEARCH IN PEDIATRICS RESEARCH NETWORKS 16 2 1 COOPERATIVE GROUP RESEARCH 16 2 2 IMPORTANCE OF PARTICIPATION IN CLINICAL TRIALS PROGRESS MADE THROUGH CLINICAL TRIALS 16 3 1 TREATMENTS AND THERAPY DELIVERY 16 3 2 QUALITY OF LIFE MEASURES AND SUPPORTIVE CARE 16 3 3 COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 16 3 4 LATE EFFECTS 16 3 5 PALLIATIVE CARE PERCEPTION OF CLINICAL TRIALS FUTURE OF CLINICAL TRIALS THE ROLE OF THE CLINICAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATE 16 6 1 INTRODUCTION 16 6 2 CLINICAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATE 16 6 3 THE ROLE OF THE CRA 16 6 4 THE ROLE OF THE CLINICAL RESEARCH NURSE PART IV CANCER CACHEXIA 17 1 1 INCIDENCE 17 1 2 ETIOLOGY 17 1 3 TREATMENT 17 1 4 PROGNOSIS OBESITY 17 2 1 OBESITY IN SURVIVORS OF LEUKEMIA INFERIOR OUTCOMES AND OBESITY 17 3 1 INCIDENCE 17 3 2 ETIOLOGY TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME 17 4 1 INCIDENCE 17 4 2 ETIOLOGY 17 4 3 TREATMENT 17 4 4 PROGNOSIS HYPERCALCEMIA 17 5 1 INCIDENCE 17 5 2 ETIOLOGY 17 5 3 TREATMENT 17 5 4 PROGNOSIS IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE 17 6 1 INCIDENCE 17 6 2 ETIOLOGY 17 6 3 TREATMENT 17 6 4 PROGNOSIS MUCOSITIS 18 1 1 INCIDENCE 18 1 2 ETIOLOGY 18 1 3 PREVENTION 18 1 4 TREATMENT 18 1 5 PROGNOSIS DENTAL CARIES 18 2 1 INCIDENCE 18 2 2 ETIOLOGY 18 2 3 PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 18 2 4 PROGNOSIS NAUSEA AND VOMITING 18 3 1 INCIDENCE 18 3 2 ETIOLOGY 18 3 3 PREVENTION 18 3 4 TREATMENT 18 3 5 DELAYED NAUSEA AND VOMITING 18 3 6 ANTICIPATORY NAUSEA AND VOMITING 18 3 7 RADIATION-INDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING 18 3 8 OTHER CAUSES OF NAUSEA AND VOMITING 18 3 9 NONPHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT 18 3 10 PROGNOSIS CONSTIPATION 18 4 1 INCIDENCE 18 4 2 ETIOLOGY 18 4 3 PREVENTION 18 4 4 TREATMENT 18 4 5 PROGNOSIS DIARRHEA 18 5 1 INCIDENCE 18 5 2 ETIOLOGY 18 5 3 PREVENTION 18 5 4 TREATMENT 18 5 5 PROGNOSIS TYPHYLITIS 18 6 1 INCIDENCE 18 6 2 ETIOLOGY 18 6 3 PREVENTION 18 6 4 TREATMENT 18 6 5 PROGNOSIS PERIRECTAL CELLULITIS 18 7 1 INCIDENCE 18 7 2 ETIOLOGY 18 7 3 PREVENTION 18 7 4 TREATMENT 18 7 5 PROGNOSIS ACUTE GASTROINTESTINAL GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE 18 8 1 INCIDENCE 18 8 2 PREVENTION 18 8 3 TREATMENT 18 8 4 PROGNOSIS CHEMICAL HEPATITIS 18 9 1 INCIDENCE 18 9 2 ETIOLOGY 18 9 3 PREVENTION 18 9 4 TREATMENT 18 9 5 PROGNOSIS 18 10 PANCREATITIS 18 10 1 INCIDENCE 18 10 2 ETIOLOGY 18 10 3 PREVENTION 18 10 4 TREATMENT 18 10 5 PROGNOSIS 19 2 1 INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY 19 2 2 TREATMENT NEUTROPENIA 19 3 1 INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY 19 3 2 TREATMENT THROMBOCYTOPENIA 19 4 1 INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY 19 4 2 TREATMENT TRANSFUSION ISSUES 19 5 1 GRANULOCYTE TRANSFUSIONS 19 5 2 TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE 19 5 3 CYTOMEGALOVIRUS AND TRANSFUSIONS 19 5 4 PLATELET REFRACTORINESS DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION 19 6 1 ETIOLOGY AND MANIFESTATION 19 6 2 TREATMENT SEPTIC SHOCK 19 7 1 ETIOLOGY 19 7 2 TREATMENT 19 7 3 PROGNOSIS IMMUNE SUPPRESSION 19 8 1 POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES 19 8 2 LYMPHOCYTES 19 8 3 SPLEEN AND RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM 19 8 4 OTHER FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO IMMUNOCOMPROMISED STATES PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA 20 1 1 INCIDENCE 20 1 2 ETIOLOGY 20 1 3 TREATMENT 20 1 4 PROGNOSIS PNEUMONITIS 20 2 1 INCIDENCE 20 2 2 ETIOLOGY 20 2 3 PREVENTION 20 2 4 TREATMENT 20 2 5 PROGNOSIS FIBROSIS 20 3 1 INCIDENCE 20 3 2 ETIOLOGY 20 3 3 PREVENTION 20 3 4 TREATMENT 20 3 5 PROGNOSIS COMPROMISED AIRWAY 20 4 1 INCIDENCE 20 4 2 ETIOLOGY 20 4 3 PREVENTION 20 4 4 TREATMENT 20 4 5 PROGNOSIS NEPHRECTOMY 21 1 1 INCIDENCE 21 1 2 ETIOLOGY 21 1 3 TREATMENT 21 1 4 PROGNOSIS CYTOTOXIC DRUG EXCRETION 21 2 1 PHARMACOKINETICS/DYNAMICS 21 2 2 METABOLISM 21 2 3 EXCRETION 21 2 4 DRUG INTERACTIONS 21 2 5 DOSE MODI? CATION 21 2 6 SAFE HANDLING OF CYTOTOXIC EXCRETA NEPHROTOXICITY 21 3 1 INCIDENCE 21 3 2 ETIOLOGY 21 3 3 PREVENTION 21 3 4 TREATMENT 21 3 5 PROGNOSIS HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS 21 4 1 INCIDENCE 21 4 2 ETIOLOGY 21 4 3 PREVENTION 21 4 4 TREATMENT 21 4 5 PROGNOSIS CARDIAC TOXICITY/CARDIOMYOPATHY 22 1 1 INCIDENCE 22 1 2 ETIOLOGY 22 1 3 TREATMENT 22 1 4 PREVENTION 22 1 5 PROGNOSIS VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE 22 2 1 HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE 22 2 2 PULMONARY VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION 23 1 1 INCIDENCE 23 1 2 ETIOLOGY 23 1 3 TREATMENT 23 1 4 PROGNOSIS FATIGUE 23 2 1 INCIDENCE 23 2 2 ETIOLOGY 23 2 3 TREATMENT 23 2 4 PROGNOSIS COGNITIVE DE? CITS 23 3 1 INCIDENCE 23 3 2 ETIOLOGY 23 3 3 PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 23 3 4 PROGNOSIS DIABETES INSIPIDUS 23 4 1 INCIDENCE 23 4 2 ETIOLOGY 23 4 3 TREATMENT 23 4 4 PROGNOSIS BONE TUMORS 24 1 1 LIMB SALVAGE PROCEDURES 24 1 2 AMPUTATION 24 1 3 COMPARISON OF LIMB SALVAGE AND AMPUTATION ALTERED BONE MINERAL DENSITYAND INCREASED FRACTURE RISK 24 2 1 INCIDENCE 24 2 2 ETIOLOGY 24 2 3 PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 24 2 4 PROGNOSIS OSTEONECROSIS 24 3 1 INCIDENCE 24 3 2 ETIOLOGY 24 3 3 TREATMENT 24 3 4 PROGNOSIS ALOPECIA 25 1 1 ETIOLOGY 25 1 3 TREATMENT 25 1 4 PROGNOSIS ALTERED SKIN INTEGRITY ASSOCIATED WITH RADIATION THERAPY 25 2 1 INCIDENCE 25 2 2 ETIOLOGY 25 2 3 PREVENTION 25 2 4 TREATMENT 25 2 5 PROGNOSIS RADIATION SENSITIVITY AND RECALL 25 3 1 INCIDENCE 25 3 2 ETIOLOGY 25 3 3 CLINICAL FEATURES 25 3 4 TREATMENT 25 3 5 PROGNOSIS ULTRAVIOLET RECALL REACTION/PHOTOSENSITIVITY CUTANEOUS REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-DOSE CYTOSINE ARABINOSIDE 25 5 1 INCIDENCE 25 5 2 ETIOLOGY 25 5 3 PREVENTION AND TREATMENT NAIL DYSTROPHIES GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE 25 7 1 INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY 25 7 2 PREVENTION 25 7 3 TREATMENT 25 7 4 PROGNOSIS HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY DYSFUNCTION 26 2 1 INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY GROWTH HORMONE DE? CIENCY 26 3 1 TREATMENT 26 3 2 PROGNOSIS HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–GONADAL AXIS 26 4 1 GONADOTROPHIN DE? CIENCY 26 4 2 EARLY OR PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY THYROID DISORDERS 26 5 1 TREATMENT HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS 26 6 1 TREATMENT OTHER PITUITARY HORMONES 26 7 1 FERTILITY 26 7 2 TREATMENT 26 7 3 PROGNOSIS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OCULAR TOXICITY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-DOSE CYTARABINE ARABINOSIDE 28 1 1 INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY 28 1 2 PREVENTION 28 1 3 TREATMENT 28 1 4 PROGNOSIS CATARACTS 28 2 1 INCIDENCE 28 2 2 ETIOLOGY 28 2 3 PREVENTION 28 2 4 TREATMENT 28 2 5 PROGNOSIS PART V NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT 29 2 1 HYDRATION NEEDS 29 2 2 NUTRITION NEEDS 29 2 3 NUTRITIONAL HISTORY 29 2 4 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 29 2 5 ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 29 2 6 LABORATORY EVALUATION PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT FOR DEHYDRATION AND MALNUTRITION 29 3 1 REHYDRATION 29 3 2 ORAL NUTRITION REPLACEMENT 29 3 3 ENTERAL NUTRITION REPLACEMENT 29 3 4 TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION/ HYPERALIMENTATION 29 4 1 COMMON HYDRATION COMPLICATIONS 29 4 2 COMMON COMPLICATIONS OF ORAL/ENTERAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION 29 4 3 COMMON COMPLICATIONS OF TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION/HYPERALIMINTATION 29 4 4 COMMON COMPLICATIONS OF ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION 29 4 5 SPECI? C NUTRITIONAL CONCERNS OF LONG-TERM SURVIVORS 29 4 6 SPECI? C NUTRITIONAL CONCERNS DURING PALLIATIVE CARE CAUSES OF PAIN IN CHILDHOOD CANCER ASSESSMENT CULTURAL ISSUES 30 6 1 BY THE LADDER 30 6 2 BY THE ROUTE 30 6 3 BY THE CLOCK 30 6 4 OPIOIDS 30 6 5 EQUIANALGESIA 30 6 6 PROCEDURE-RELATED PAIN 30 6 7 PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA (PCA) 30 6 8 ADJUVANT MEDICATIONS 30 6 9 NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT BLOOD SCREENING GUIDELINES BLOOD PRODUCT PROCESSING 31 3 1 IRRADIATION 31 3 2 WASHED RED BLOOD CELLS TRANSFUSION COMPLICATIONS 31 4 1 HEMOLYTIC REACTIONS 31 4 2 FEBRILE NONHEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION REACTIONS 31 4 3 ALLERGIC REACTIONS 31 4 4 TRANSFUSION ASSOCIATED GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE 31 4 5 CIRCULATORY OVERLOAD 31 4 6 BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION 31 4 7 TRANSFUSION-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS 31 4 8 IRON OVERLOAD FROM CHRONIC TRANSFUSION RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSION 31 5 1 PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS 31 5 2 WHOLE BLOOD 31 5 3 EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION PLATELET TRANSFUSION 31 6 1 INDICATIONS 31 6 2 PROCUREMENT 31 6 3 DOSING/TRANSFUSION GUIDELINES 31 6 4 CROSSMATCHING 31 6 5 NURSING IMPLICATIONS GRANULOCYTE TRANSFUSION 31 7 1 INDICATIONS 31 7 2 DOSING/TRANSFUSION GUIDELINES 31 7 3 CROSSSMATCHING 31 7 4 NURSING IMPLICATIONS ALBUMIN (5 OR 25% SOLUTION) AND PLASMA PROTEIN FRACTION (5% SOLUTION) 31 8 1 INDICATIONS 31 8 2 DOSING/TRANSFUSION GUIDELINES 31 8 3 CROSSMATCHING 31 8 4 NURSING IMPLICATIONS FRESH FROZEN PLASMA 31 9 1 INDICATIONS 31 9 2 DOSING/TRANSFUSION GUIDELINES 31 9 3 CROSSMATCHING 31 9 4 NURSING IMPLICATIONS 31 10 CRYOPRECIPITATE 31 10 1 INDICATIONS 31 10 2 DOSING GUIDELINES 31 10 3 CROSSMATCHING 31 10 4 NURSING IMPLICATIONS 31 11 INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN 31 11 1 INDICATIONS 31 11 2 DOSING/TRANSFUSION GUIDELINES 31 11 3 CROSSMATCHING 31 11 4 NURSING IMPLICATIONS 31 12 ERYTHROPOIETIN 31 13 INDICATIONS 31 14 DOSING GUIDELINES 31 15 NURSING IMPLICATIONS 31 16 PALLIATIVE CARE ISSUES FOR TRANSFUSION THERAPY 31 16 1 ANEMIA AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA CHILDREN’S UNDERSTANDING OF DEATH 33 1 1 INFANTS (0–12 MONTHS) AND TODDLERS (12–24 MONTHS) 33 1 2 PRESCHOOL CHILDREN (3–5 YEARS) 33 1 3 SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN (6–11 YEARS) 33 1 4 ADOLESCENTS (12–19 YEARS) EXPLAINING DEATH TO CHILDREN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE 33 3 1 PRINCIPLES 33 3 2 LOCATIONS OF CARE GRIEF 33 4 1 PRINCIPLES 33 4 2 ASSESSMENT OF CHILD AND FAMILY 33 4 3 INTERVENTIONS CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL CARE 33 5 1 PRINCIPLES 33 5 2 ASSESSMENT OF CHILD AND FAMILY 33 5 3 INTERVENTIONS NEARING DEATH 33 6 1 PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS NEAR THE END OF LIFE 33 6 2 DEATH-RELATED SENSORY EXPERIENCES CARE FOLLOWING THE CHILD’S DEATH 33 7 1 INTERVENTIONS IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE CHILD’S DEATH 33 7 2 BEREAVEMENT INTERVENTIONS RESOURCES 33 8 1 RESOURCES FOR CHILDREN 33 8 2 RESOURCES FOR ADULTS