GOLDEN RULES OF PEDIATRICS
PART I OPTIC NERVE CHAPTER IDIOPATHIC OPTIC NEURITIS CLINICALLY ISOLATED SYNDROME CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACUTE IDIOPATHIC OPTIC NEURITIS EXAMINATION FINDINGS IN ACUTE IDIOPATHIC OPTIC NEURITIS NATURAL HISTORY OF ACUTE IDIOPATHIC OPTIC NEURITIS IMPORTANT STUDIES VISUAL PROGNOSIS RISK OF RECURRENCE OF OPTIC NEURITIS RISK OF DEVELOPING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS SEVERITY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH OPTIC NEURITIS MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE IDIOPATHIC OPTIC NEURITIS DIAGNOSIS ACUTE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS CHRONIC THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS PEDIATRIC OPTIC NEURITIS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY ARTERITIC ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY CLINICAL PRESENTATION PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL COURSE DIAGNOSTIC CONFIRMATION THERAPY NONARTERITIC ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY (NAION) RISK FACTORS MEDICATIONS PREVENTION POSTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOLOGY OPTIC CANAL SIZE ASSOCIATIONS INHERITED RETINAL DEGENERATIONS ANGIOID STREAKS AND PSEUDOXANTHOMA ELASTICUM MISCELLANEOUS PARACLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS B-SCAN ULTRASOUND SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY SCANNING LASER POLARIMETRY ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY RETINAL ANGIOGRAPHY COMPLICATIONS VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS RETINAL VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS PERIPAPILLARY CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION PRIMARY INHERITED OPTIC NEUROPATHIES WITH OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT OPTIC ATROPHY CLINICAL FEATURES HISTOPATHOLOGY MOLECULAR GENETICS AND THE GENETIC HETEROGENEITY OF ADOA OPA4 LOCUS OPA3 LOCUS: AUTOSOMAL- DOMINANT OPTIC ATROPHY AND CATARACT (ADOAC) RECESSIVE OPTIC ATROPHY OPA5 LOCUS X-LINKED OPTIC ATROPHY OPA2 LOCUS MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE: LEBER’S HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY FINDINGS IN UNAFFECTED RELATIVES SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS MOLECULAR GENETICS LHON-ASSOCIATED MITOCHONDRIAL MUTATIONS GENOTYPE–PHENOTYPE CORRELATION EVIDENCE FOR AN X-LINKED SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTOR THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LHON PRIMARY INHERITED OPTIC NEUROPATHIES WITH SIGNIFICANT SYSTEMIC FEATURES AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT OPTIC ATROPHY AND NEUROLOGICAL DEFECTS AUTOSOMAL-RECESSIVE OPTIC ATROPHY “PLUS” COSTEFF’S SYNDROME BEHR’S SYNDROME WOLFRAM SYNDROME, DIDMOAD CONCLUSIONS GLIOMAS NF1 MENINGIOMAS RETINO-CHOROIDAL COLLATERALS IMAGING TYPICAL MASQUERADE MANAGEMENT PAEDIATRIC ADULT OPTIC NERVE ANATOMY TRAUMATIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ON TONS HISTOPATHOLOGY OF TON MECHANISMS OF TON- INDUCED GANGLION CELL DEATH DIAGNOSIS OF TON THERAPEUTIC CONCEPTS OF TON STEROIDS NEUROPROTECTION SURGICAL DECOMPRESSION THE ROLE OF OPHTHALMOLOGISTS OUTLOOK ON REGENERATION OF THE OPTIC NERVE CURRENT CLINICAL PRACTICE AND RECOMMENDATIONS PART II INVESTIGATIONS CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF EARLY IMAGING TECHNIQUES OPTIC NERVE HEAD DRAWINGS DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY OF THE NERVE FIBER LAYER RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER PHOTOGRAPHY STEREOSCOPIC OPTIC NERVE HEAD PHOTOGRAPHY OPTIC NERVE HEAD ANALYZERS THE TOPCON IMAGENET THE HUMPHREY RETINAL ANALYZER THE RODENSTOCK OPTIC NERVE HEAD ANALYZER THE GLAUCOMA-SCOPE MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR OPTIC NERVE AND RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER IMAGING SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPY AND TOMOGRAPHY THE RODENSTOCK SYSTEM THE HEIDELBERG LASER TOMOGRAPHIC SCANNER THE ZEISS CONFOCAL SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPE AND TOPSS™ TOPOGRAPHIC SCANNING SYSTEM THE HEIDELBERG RETINAL TOMOGRAPH II SCANNING LASER POLARIMETRY (“GDX”) USING OCT FOR GLAUCOMA EVALUATION OTHER USES OF OCT ULTRAHIGH-RESOLUTION OCT (UHR-OCT) IMAGING OF THE OPTIC NERVE AND ALZHEIMER DISEASE COMPARING MODALITIES MRI CONCLUSION IMAGING THE LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS FUNCTIONAL MAPS OF THE VISUAL FIELD STRIATE AND EXTRASTRIATE VISUAL AREAS IN HUMAN VISUAL CORTEX (V1, V2, V3) RECEPTIVE FIELD SIZE AS A FUNCTION OF RETINAL ECCENTRICITY ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF RETINOTOPIC MAPPING COLUMNAR STRUCTURES WITHIN HUMAN V1 ORIENTATION SPECIFICITY OF BOLD RESPONSES IN VISUAL CORTEX VISUAL MAPS OF HIGHER VISUAL FUNCTION: V4 VISUAL MAPS OF HIGHER VISUAL FUNCTION: V3A, V3B AND KO SEGMENTING EXTRASTRIATE AREAS AND MT+ INTO FUNCTIONAL SUBREGIONS RESPONSES TO OPTIC FLOW DISPARITY AND MOTION-IN- DEPTH STIMULATION INTERFACE BETWEEN VISUAL AND OCULOMOTOR SYSTEMS PARIETAL LOBE MAPS OF VISUOTOPIC SPACE WORKING MEMORY FOR VISUAL STIMULI ROLE OF V1 IN VISUAL CONSCIOUSNESS SUMMARY MULTIFOCAL PRINCIPLE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIFOCAL VEPS BASICS – MULTIFOCAL STIMULATION, FIRST- AND SECOND-ORDER KERNELS STIMULUS DISPLAY FOR MFVEP RECORDINGS RECORDING MFVEPS AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS DEPENDENCE OF MFVEPS ON VISUAL CORTEX MORPHOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF MFVEPS RESPONSE MAGNITUDE RESPONSE LATENCY MFVEP INVESTIGATIONS OF DISEASES MFVEP IN GLAUCOMA MFVEP IN OPTIC NEURITIS MFVEP IN ALBINISM PART III RETINAL DISORDERS CHAPTER AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE OVERVIEW AUTOIMMUNE RETINOPATHY OVERVIEW PARANEOPLASTIC RETINOPATHIES CANCER-ASSOCIATED RETINOPATHY 10 3 1 1 CLINICAL PRESENTATION 10 3 1 2 DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 10 3 1 3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 10 3 1 4 TREATMENT MELANOMA-ASSOCIATED RETINOPATHY 10 3 2 1 CLINICAL PRESENTATION 10 3 2 2 DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 10 3 2 3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 10 3 2 4 TREATMENT BILATERAL DIFFUSE UVEAL MELANOCYTIC PROLIFERATION 10 3 3 1 CLINICAL PRESENTATION 10 3 3 2 DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 10 3 3 3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 10 3 3 4 TREATMENT AUTOIMMUNE- RELATED RETINOPATHY AND OPTIC NEUROPATHY ACUTE OUTER RETINOPATHIES WITH BLIND SPOT ENLARGEMENT ACUTE IDIOPATHIC BLIND SPOT ENLARGEMENT 10 5 1 1 CLINICAL PRESENTATION 10 5 1 2 DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 10 5 1 3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 10 5 1 4 TREATMENT MULTIPLE EVANESCENT WHITE DOT SYNDROME 10 5 2 1 CLINICAL PRESENTATION 10 5 2 2 DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 10 5 2 3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 10 5 2 4 TREATMENT ACUTE ZONAL OCCULT OUTER RETINOPATHY CONTENTS 10 5 3 1 CLINICAL PRESENTATION 10 5 3 2 DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 10 5 3 3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 10 5 3 4 TREATMENT 10 5 3 5 AZOOR COMPLEX OF DISEASE RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION GLAUCOMA CELL DEATH IN THE RETINA MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS AND PATHWAYS OF APOPTOSIS 11 2 1 1 CASPASE-DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS 11 2 1 2 CASPASE-INDEPENDENT APOPTOSIS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN DEGENERATIVE RETINAL DISEASES STRATEGIES FOR NEUROPROTECTION 11 3 1 1 ANIMAL MODELS IN RETINAL DEGENERATION RESEARCH 11 3 1 2 STRATEGIES FOR NEUROPROTECTION INTERFERING WITH THE INDUCTION PHASE OF APOPTOSIS 11 3 1 3 STRATEGIES FOR NEUROPROTECTION INTERFERING WITH THE EARLY PHASE OF APOPTOSIS 11 3 1 4 STRATEGIES USING NEUROPROTECTIVE CYTOKINES THAT SHOWED EFFECTS IN OTHER TISSUES CELL THERAPY FOR THE DISEASED RETINA 11 3 2 1 CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN THE RETINA 11 3 2 2 APPLICATION OF TRANSGENES OR GENETICALLY ENGINEERED STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS 11 3 2 3 ENDOGENOUS CELL REPLACEMENT IN THE RETINA PART IV SYSTEMIC DISEASE CHAPTER OCULAR ZOONOSIS OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS 12 2 1 1 CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS 12 2 1 2 REACTIVATION OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENTS 12 2 1 3 OPHTHALMIC TOXOPLASMOSIS IN AIDS PATIENTS 12 2 1 4 NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATION OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN AIDS PATIENTS 12 2 1 5 RADIOLOGIC MANIFESTATION OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN AIDS TOXOCARIASIS 12 2 2 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 2 2 OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS 12 2 2 3 NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY TICKS 12 2 3 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 3 2 TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS 12 2 3 3 LYME DISEASE CAT SCRATCH DISEASE 12 2 4 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 4 2 OCULAR AND NEUROOPHTHALMOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS 12 2 4 3 NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS 12 2 4 4 THERAPY SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES SYPHILIS 12 3 1 1 INTRODUCTION 12 3 1 2 OCULAR AND NEUROOPHTHALMOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS 12 3 1 3 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS CONTENTS 12 3 1 4 THERAPY HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND OCULAR INFECTION 12 3 2 1 INTRODUCTION 12 3 2 2 HIV RETINOPATHY 12 3 2 3 CMV RETINITIS ENCEPHALOPATHIES DUE TO VIRAL AND NON- CONVENTIONAL AGENTS LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS CREUTZFELDT–JAKOB DISEASE JC VIRUS AND PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY HERPETIC ENCEPHALOPATHY AND ACUTE RETINAL NECROSIS SYNDROME PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GIANT CELL ARTERITIS TRIGGERING EVENT TROPISM TO CERTAIN VASCULAR BEDS MACROPHAGE RECRUITMENT AND VASCULAR INJURY SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION CLINICAL (NON-OPHTHALMIC) MANIFESTATIONS OF GCA NATURAL HISTORY SYSTEMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS HEADACHE AND CRANIOFACIAL PAIN AUDITORY MANIFESTATIONS NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OCCULT GCA VISUAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GCA TRANSIENT VISUAL LOSS OTHER TYPES OF ISCHEMIC VISUAL LOSS DIPLOPIA ORBITAL MANIFESTATIONS CLINICAL SUBTYPES OF GCA SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME CRANIAL ARTERITIS LARGE-VESSEL VASCULITIS LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS IN GCA ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN THROMBOCYTOSIS AND OTHER CYTOKINES ANEMIA OTHERS DIAGNOSIS OF GCA TEMPORAL ARTERY BIOPSY AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RHEUMATOLOGY CRITERIA ROLE OF ULTRASOUND OTHER NON-INVASIVE IMAGING OF THE CRANIAL ARTERIES TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS OF GCA CORTICOSTEROIDS 13 7 1 1 STARTING DOSE 13 7 1 2 MAINTENANCE DOSE 13 7 1 3 TAPERING REGIMEN 13 7 1 4 DURATION OF TREATMENT VISUAL OUTCOME ON CORTICOSTEROIDS METHOTREXATE OTHER ADJUVANT THERAPIES TREATMENT OF LARGE-VESSEL INVOLVEMENT PART V OCULOMOTILITY CHAPTER BRAINSTEM HORIZONTAL EYE MOVEMENTS 14 2 1 1 FINAL COMMON PATHWAY 14 2 1 2 PREMOTOR STRUCTURES AND AFFERENT PATHWAYS VERTICAL EYE MOVEMENTS 14 2 2 1 FINAL COMMON PATHWAY 14 2 2 2 PREMOTOR STRUCTURES AND BRAINSTEM AFFERENTS SUPRARETICULAR STRUCTURES CEREBELLUM CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES ABNORMAL EYE MOVEMENTS NYSTAGMUS NON-NYSTAGMIC ABNORMAL EYE MOVEMENTS OPHTHALMOPLEGIA AND PTOSIS CPEO PLUS: MULTISYSTEMIC INVOLVEMENT 15 2 2 1 MUSCLE IMPAIRMENT 15 2 2 2 VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 15 2 2 3 SPECIFIC CPEO PLUS SYNDROMES GENETICS GENERAL MITOCHONDRIAL GENETICS SINGLE DELETIONS OF MTDNA DEFECTS OF INTERGENOMIC COMMUNICATION WITH MULTIPLE DELETIONS OF MTDNA POINT MUTATIONS OF MTDNA COENZYME Q DEFICIENCY DIAGNOSTICS MYOHISTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS MOLECULAR GENETIC INVESTIGATIONS TREATMENT PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT GENE THERAPY OCULOPHARYGEAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES CONGENITAL FIBROSIS OF THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES OCULAR MYOSITIS ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY CONGENITAL MYOPATHIES PERIPHERAL VESTIBULAR AND OCULAR MOTOR DISORDERS ACUTE PERIPHERAL VESTIBULOPATHY, VESTIBULAR NEURITIS 16 2 1 1 ETIOLOGY 16 2 1 2 THERAPEUTIC RECOMMENDATIONS SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MYOKYMIA 16 2 2 1 ETIOLOGY 16 2 2 2 THERAPEUTIC RECOMMENDATIONS SUPRANUCLEAR OCULAR MOTOR DISORDERS CENTRAL VESTIBULAR DISORDERS 16 3 1 1 VESTIBULAR SYNDROMES IN THE SAGITTAL (PITCH) PLANE CENTRAL OCULAR MOTOR DISORDERS 16 3 2 1 ACQUIRED PENDULAR NYSTAGMUS 16 3 2 2 OPSOCLONUS AND OCULAR FLUTTER CONTENTS PART VI REHABILITATION CHAPTER PSYCHOPHYSICS OF NORMAL READING DISEASES OF THE VISUAL PATHWAYS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS OPTIC NEUROPATHIES 17 3 1 1 CENTRAL SCOTOMAS 17 3 1 2 ARCUATE SCOTOMAS: NERVE FIBER BUNDLE DEFECTS 17 3 1 3 RING SCOTOMAS 17 3 1 4 CONSTRICTED FIELDS 17 3 1 5 THE IMPACT OF VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS ON READING PERFORMANCE OPTIC CHIASMAL SYNDROMES SUPRACHIASMATIC LESIONS OF THE VISUAL PATHWAYS 17 3 3 1 HEMIANOPIC READING DISORDER 17 3 3 2 HEMIANOPIC ORIENTATION DISORDER CORTICAL VISUAL IMPAIRMENT DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES TO EXAMINE READING ABILITY REHABILITATION PROGRAMS VISUAL AIDS IN READING DISORDERS VISUAL AND OTHER AIDS IN SPATIAL ORIENTATION PROBLEMS TRAINING 17 5 3 1 TRAINING FOR PATIENTS WITH CIRCUMSCRIBED SCOTOMAS IN THE CENTRAL FIELD 17 5 3 2 TRAINING FOR PATIENTS WITH HOMONYMOUS FIELD DEFECTS COUNSELING REGARDING PUBLIC SUPPORT SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS