DICTIONARY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING
CONTENTS PART I OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION DURABILITY IN VEHICLE ENGINEERING RELIABILITY, VARIATION AND ROBUSTNESS LOAD DESCRIPTION FOR TRUCKS WHY IS LOAD ANALYSIS IMPORTANT? THE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK LOADS FOR DURABILITY FATIGUE AND LOAD ANALYSIS CONSTANT AMPLITUDE LOAD BLOCK LOAD VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADING AND RAIN?OW CYCLES RAIN?OW MATRIX, LEVEL CROSSINGS AND LOAD SPECTRUM OTHER KINDS OF FATIGUE LOADS IN VIEW OF FATIGUE DESIGN FATIGUE LIFE: CUMULATIVE DAMAGE FATIGUE LIMIT: MAXIMUM LOAD SUDDEN FAILURES: MAXIMUM LOAD SAFETY CRITICAL COMPONENTS DESIGN CONCEPTS IN AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS LOADS IN VIEW OF SYSTEM RESPONSE LOADS IN VIEW OF VARIABILITY DIFFERENT TYPES OF VARIABILITY LOADS IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS SUMMARY PART II METHODS FOR LOAD ANALYSIS BASICS OF LOAD ANALYSIS AMPLITUDE-BASED METHODS FROM OUTER LOADS TO LOCAL LOADS PRE-PROCESSING OF LOAD SIGNALS RAIN?OW CYCLE COUNTING RANGE-PAIR COUNTING MARKOV COUNTING RANGE COUNTING LEVEL CROSSING COUNTING INTERVAL CROSSING COUNTING IRREGULARITY FACTOR PEAK VALUE COUNTING EXAMPLES COMPARING COUNTING METHODS PSEUDO DAMAGE AND EQUIVALENT LOADS METHODS FOR ROTATING COMPONENTS RECOMMENDATIONS AND WORK-?OW FREQUENCY-BASED METHODS THE PSD FUNCTION AND THE PERIODOGRAM ESTIMATING THE SPECTRUM BASED ON THE PERIODOGRAM SPECTROGRAM OR WATERFALL DIAGRAM FREQUENCY-BASED SYSTEM ANALYSIS EXTREME RESPONSE AND FATIGUE DAMAGE SPECTRUM WAVELET ANALYSIS RELATION BETWEEN AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY-BASED METHODS MORE EXAMPLES AND SUMMARY MULTI-INPUT LOADS THE RP METHOD PLOTTING PSEUDO DAMAGE AND EXAMPLES EQUIVALENT MULTI-INPUT LOADS PHASE PLOTS AND CORRELATION MATRICES FOR MULTI-INPUT LOADS MULTI-INPUT TIME AT LEVEL COUNTING BIAXIALITY PLOTS THE WANG-BROWN MULTI-AXIAL CYCLE COUNTING METHOD LOAD EDITING AND GENERATION OF TIME SIGNALS ESSENTIAL LOAD PROPERTIES CRITERIA FOR EQUIVALENCE DATA INSPECTIONS AND CORRECTIONS EXAMPLES AND INSPECTION OF DATA DETECTION AND CORRECTION LOAD EDITING IN THE TIME DOMAIN AMPLITUDE-BASED EDITING OF TIME SIGNALS FREQUENCY-BASED EDITING OF TIME SIGNALS AMPLITUDE-BASED EDITING WITH FREQUENCY CONSTRAINTS EDITING OF TIME SIGNALS: SUMMARY LOAD EDITING IN THE RAIN?OW DOMAIN RE-SCALING SUPERPOSITION EXTRAPOLATION ON LENGTH OR TEST DURATION EXTRAPOLATION TO EXTREME USAGE LOAD EDITING FOR 1D COUNTING RESULTS SUMMARY, HINTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS GENERATION OF TIME SIGNALS AMPLITUDE- OR CYCLE-BASED GENERATION OF TIME SIGNALS FREQUENCY-BASED GENERATION OF TIME SIGNALS RESPONSE OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS MULTIBODY MODELS FINITE ELEMENT MODELS MULTIBODY SIMULATION (MBS) FOR DURABILITY APPLICATIONS OR: FROM SYSTEM LOADS TO COMPONENT LOADS AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE SOME GENERAL MODELLING ASPECTS FLEXIBLE BODIES IN MULTIBODY SIMULATION SIMULATING THE SUSPENSION MODEL FINITE ELEMENT MODELS (FEM) FOR DURABILITY APPLICATIONS OR: FROM COMPONENT LOADS TO LOCAL STRESS-STRAIN HISTORIES LINEAR STATIC LOAD CASES AND QUASI-STATIC SUPERPOSITION LINEAR DYNAMIC PROBLEMS AND MODAL SUPERPOSITION FROM THE DISPLACEMENT SOLUTION TO LOCAL STRESSES AND STRAINS SUMMARY OF LOCAL STRESS-STRAIN HISTORY CALCULATION INVARIANT SYSTEM LOADS DIGITAL ROAD AND TYRE MODELS BACK CALCULATION OF INVARIANT SUBSTITUTE LOADS AN EXAMPLE MODELS FOR RANDOM LOADS BASICS ON RANDOM PROCESSES SOME AVERAGE PROPERTIES OF RANDOM PROCESSES? STATISTICAL APPROACH TO ESTIMATE LOAD SEVERITY THE EXTRAPOLATION METHOD FITTING RANGE-PAIRS DISTRIBUTION SEMI-PARAMETRIC APPROACH THE MONTE CARLO METHOD EXPECTED DAMAGE FOR GAUSSIAN LOADS STATIONARY GAUSSIAN LOADS NON-STATIONARY GAUSSIAN LOADS WITH CONSTANT MEAN? NON-GAUSSIAN LOADS: THE ROLE OF UPCROSSING INTENSITY BENDAT’S NARROW BAND APPROXIMATION GENERALIZATION OF BENDAT’S APPROACH? LAPLACE PROCESSES THE COEF?CIENT OF VARIATION FOR DAMAGE SPLITTING THE MEASURED SIGNAL INTO PARTS SHORT SIGNALS GAUSSIAN LOADS COMPOUND POISSON PROCESSES: ROADS WITH POT HOLES MARKOV LOADS MARKOV CHAINS? DISCRETE MARKOV LOADS – DE?NITION MARKOV CHAINS OF TURNING POINTS SWITCHING MARKOV CHAIN LOADS APPROXIMATION OF EXPECTED DAMAGE FOR GAUSSIAN LOADS INTENSITY OF INTERVAL UPCROSSINGS FOR MARKOV LOADS? LOAD VARIATION AND RELIABILITY MODELLING OF VARIABILITY IN LOADS THE SOURCES OF LOAD VARIABILITY: STATISTICAL POPULATIONS CONTROLLED OR UNCONTROLLED VARIATION MODEL ERRORS RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT THE STATISTICAL MODEL COMPLEXITY THE PHYSICAL MODEL COMPLEXITY THE FULL PROBABILISTIC MODEL MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS ACCURACY OF THE FULL PROBABILISTIC APPROACH THE FIRST-MOMENT METHOD THE SECOND-MOMENT METHOD THE GAUSS APPROXIMATION FORMULA THE FATIGUE LOAD-STRENGTH MODEL THE FATIGUE LOAD AND STRENGTH VARIABLES RELIABILITY INDICES THE EQUIVALENT LOAD AND STRENGTH VARIABLES DETERMINING UNCERTAINTY MEASURES THE UNCERTAINTY DUE TO THE ESTIMATED DAMAGE EXPONENT THE UNCERTAINTY MEASURE OF STRENGTH THE UNCERTAINTY MEASURE OF LOAD USE OF THE RELIABILITY INDEX INCLUDING AN EXTRA SAFETY FACTOR REDUCING UNCERTAINTIES PART III LOAD ANALYSIS IN VIEW OF THE VEHICLE DESIGN PROCESS EVALUATION OF CUSTOMER LOADS SURVEY SAMPLING WHY USE RANDOM SAMPLES? SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE STRATI?ED RANDOM SAMPLE CLUSTER SAMPLE SAMPLING WITH UNEQUAL PROBABILITIES AN APPLICATION SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING IN MORE DETAIL CONCLUSION LOAD MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY PRECISION IN LOAD SEVERITY PAIR-WISE ANALYSIS OF LOAD SEVERITY JOINT ANALYSIS OF LOAD SEVERITY RANDOM SAMPLING OF CUSTOMERS CUSTOMER SURVEY CHARACTERIZATION OF A MARKET SIMPLI?ED MODEL FOR A NEW MARKET COMPARISON OF MARKETS CUSTOMER USAGE AND LOAD ENVIRONMENT MODEL FOR CUSTOMER USAGE LOAD ENVIRONMENT UNCERTAINTY VEHICLE-INDEPENDENT LOAD DESCRIPTIONS DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY DERIVATION OF DESIGN LOADS SCALAR LOAD REPRESENTATIONS OTHER LOAD REPRESENTATIONS STATISTICAL ASPECTS STRUCTURE OF THE CHAPTER FROM CUSTOMER USAGE PRO?LES TO DESIGN TARGETS CUSTOMER LOAD DISTRIBUTION AND DESIGN LOAD STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION AND STRENGTH REQUIREMENT DE?NING THE RELIABILITY TARGET PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR FOR LOAD-STRENGTH MODELLING SAFETY FACTORS FOR DESIGN LOADS SUMMARY AND REMARKS SYNTHETIC LOAD MODELS RANDOM LOAD DESCRIPTIONS MODELS FOR EXTERNAL LOAD ENVIRONMENT LOAD DESCRIPTIONS IN DESIGN LOAD DESCRIPTION FOR TESTING APPLYING RECONSTRUCTION METHODS RAIN?OW RECONSTRUCTION 1D AND MARKOV RECONSTRUCTION SPECTRAL RECONSTRUCTION STANDARDIZED LOAD SPECTRA PROVING GROUND LOADS OPTIMIZED COMBINATION OF TEST TRACK EVENTS OPTIMIZING WITH RESPECT TO DAMAGE PER CHANNEL AN INSTRUCTIVE EXAMPLE EXTENSIONS? HINTS AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS VERI?CATION OF SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS PRINCIPLES OF VERI?CATION TEST FOR CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENTS VS TESTS FOR RELEASE SPECI?C PROBLEMS IN VERI?CATION OF DURABILITY CHARACTERIZING OR VERI?CATION TESTS VERI?CATION ON DIFFERENT LEVELS PHYSICAL VS NUMERICAL EVALUATION GENERATING LOADS FOR TESTING RELIABILITY TARGETS AND VERI?CATION LOADS GENERATION OF TIME SIGNALS BASED ON LOAD SPECI?CATIONS ACCELERATION OF TESTS PLANNING AND EVALUATION OF TESTS CHOICE OF STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION AND VARIANCE PARAMETER ESTIMATION AND CENSORED DATA VERI?CATION OF SAFETY FACTORS STATISTICAL TESTS FOR QUANTILES